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The \u2018Asking Questions about Alcohol in pregnancy\u2019 prospective cohort aimed to determine the neurodevelopmental consequences at 6\u20138\u00a0years of age of low to moderate PAE. 1570 women from seven public antenatal clinics in Melbourne, Australia, provided information on frequency and quantity of alcohol use, and obstetric, lifestyle and socio-environmental confounders at four gestation timepoints. PAE was classified into five trajectories plus controls. At 6\u20138\u00a0years, 802 of 1342 eligible families took part and completed a questionnaire (60%) and 696 children completed neuropsychological assessments (52%). Multiple linear regressions examined mean outcome differences between groups using complete case and multiple imputation models. No meaningful relationships were found between any of the PAE trajectories and general cognition, academic skills, motor functioning, behaviour, social skills, social communication, and executive function. Maternal education most strongly influenced general cognition and academic skills. Parenting behaviours and financial situation were associated with academic skills, behaviour, social skills and\/or executive function. The lack of association between PAE and neurodevelopment at 6\u20138\u00a0years may partly be explained by cumulative positive effects of socio-environmental factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57938-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T12:02:07Z","timestamp":1711540927000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Low to moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and neurodevelopment in a prospective cohort of early school aged children"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Evelyne","family":"Muggli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Hearps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi-Nhu-Ngoc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Penington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deanne K.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Spittle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Della A.","family":"Forster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"57938_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.21896","volume":"319","author":"PA May","year":"2018","unstructured":"May, P. 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