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However, the role of other microbiomes in the body in MS has not been fully elucidated. In a pilot case-controlled study, we carried out simultaneous characterization of faecal and oral microbiota and conducted an in-depth analysis of bacterial alterations associated with MS. Using 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolic inference tools, we compared the oral\/faecal microbiota and bacterial metabolism pathways in French MS patients (n\u2009=\u200914) and healthy volunteers (HV, n\u2009=\u200921). A classification model based on metabolite flux balance was established and validated in an independent German cohort (MS n\u2009=\u200912, HV n\u2009=\u200938). Our analysis revealed decreases in diversity indices and oral\/faecal compartmentalization, the depletion of commensal bacteria (<jats:italic>Aggregatibacter<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> in saliva and <jats:italic>Coprobacter<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Roseburia<\/jats:italic> in faeces) and enrichment of inflammation-associated bacteria in MS patients (<jats:italic>Leptotrichia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic> in saliva and Enterobacteriaceae and <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic> in faeces). Several microbial pathways were also altered (the polyamine pathway and remodelling of bacterial surface antigens and energetic metabolism) while flux balance analysis revealed associated alterations in metabolite production in MS (nitrogen and nucleoside). Based on this analysis, we identified a specific oral metabolite signature in MS patients, that could discriminate MS patients from HV and rheumatoid arthritis patients. This signature allowed us to create and validate a discrimination model on an independent cohort, which reached a specificity of 92%. Overall, the oral and faecal microbiomes were altered in MS patients. This pilot study highlights the need to study the oral microbiota and oral health implications in patients with autoimmune diseases on a larger scale and suggests that knowledge of the salivary microbiome could help guide the identification of new pathogenic mechanisms associated with the microbiota in MS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57949-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T15:07:12Z","timestamp":1712070432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Investigating the metabolite signature of an altered oral microbiota as a discriminant factor for multiple sclerosis: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"L\u00e9o","family":"Boussamet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Montassier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Math\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9my","family":"Morille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sita","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Dugast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Wiertlewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Gourdel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinna","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klarissa H.","family":"St\u00fcrner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Masson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud B.","family":"Nicot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Vince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David-Axel","family":"Laplaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas L.","family":"Feinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laureline","family":"Berthelot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"57949_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00282","author":"Y Jiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiao, Y., Wu, L., Huntington, N. 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Montassier received consulting fees from Sanofi, MSD, BMS. DA Laplaud received consulting fees and board membership fees from Alexion, Actelion, BMS, Biogen, Genzyme, Sanofi, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche. S. Wiertlewski received consulting and board membership fees Biogen, Genzyme, Novartis, Merck-Serono, Alexion Pharma, Roche, Sanofi. DL Feinstein has a provisional patent filed USPTO application # US 17\/715,187. The work was supported in part by Research Career Scientist grant # 14S-RCS-003 from the US Department of Veterans Affairs (DL Feinstein). L Boussamet, L Berthelot, C Mathe, A Garcia, E Dugast, S Shah, J Morille, AB Nicot, N Vince, M Gourdel, D Masson, C Bang and K Sturner do not have competing interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7786"}}