{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:11:15Z","timestamp":1785431475623,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NEC06476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NEC06476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/R016429\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/R016429\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Air quality negatively impacts agriculture, reducing the yield of staple food crops. While measured data on African ground-level ozone levels are scarce, experimental studies demonstrate the damaging impact of ozone on crops. Common beans (<jats:italic>Phaseolus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>), an ozone-sensitive crop, are widely grown in Uganda. Using modelled ozone flux, agricultural surveys, and a flux-effect relationship, this study estimates yield and production losses due to ozone for Ugandan beans in 2015. Analysis at this scale allows the use of localised data, and results can be presented at a sub-regional level. Soil nutrient stress, drought, flood risk, temperature and deprivation were also mapped to investigate where stresses may coincide. Average bean yield losses due to ozone were 17% and 14% (first and second growing season respectively), equating to 184 thousand tonnes production loss. However, for some sub-regions, losses were up to 27.5% and other crop stresses also coincided in these areas. This methodology could be applied widely, allowing estimates of ozone impact for countries lacking air quality and\/or experimental data. As crop productivity is below its potential in many areas of the world, changing agricultural practices to mitigate against losses due to ozone could help to reduce the crop yield gap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58144-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T11:02:03Z","timestamp":1712314923000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ozone pollution contributes to the yield gap for beans in Uganda, East Africa, and is co-located with other agricultural stresses"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Sharps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Vieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"58144_CR1","unstructured":"Health Effects Institute The State of Air Quality and Health Impacts in Africa. A Report from the State of Global Air Initiative. Boston, MA, USA. (2022). https:\/\/www.stateofglobalair.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/2022\u201310\/soga-africa-report.pdf"},{"key":"58144_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3560","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14157","volume":"24","author":"G Mills","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mills, G. et al. Ozone pollution will compromise efforts to increase global wheat production. Glob. Chan. Biol. 24, 3560\u20133574 (2018).","journal-title":"Glob. Chan. Biol."},{"key":"58144_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2020.10.008","volume":"19","author":"A Mukherjee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mukherjee, A., Yadav, D. S., Agrawal, S. B. & Agrawal, M. Ozone a persistent challenge to food security in India: current status and policy implications. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health 19, 100220 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"58144_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2022.108859","volume":"316","author":"HR Roberts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roberts, H. R., Dodd, I. C., Hayes, F. & Ashworth, K. Chronic tropospheric ozone exposure reduces seed yield and quality in spring and winter oilseed rape. Agric. For. Meteorol. 316, 108859 (2022).","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"58144_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8889","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-8889-2015","volume":"15","author":"PS Monks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Monks, P. S. et al. Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban to the global scale from air quality to short-lived climate forcer. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 8889\u20138973 (2015).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"58144_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15491","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-15491-2018","volume":"18","author":"TL Laban","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laban, T. L. et al. Seasonal influences on surface ozone variability in continental South Africa and implications for air quality. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 15491\u201315514 (2018).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"58144_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c01443","volume":"56","author":"D Okure","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okure, D. et al. Characterization of ambient air quality in selected urban areas in Uganda using low-cost sensing and measurement technologies. Environ. Sci. Tech. 56, 3324\u20133339 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"58144_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.02.040","volume":"180","author":"Y Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Hickman, J. E. & Wu, S. Impacts of enhanced fertilizer applications on tropospheric ozone and crop damage over sub-Saharan Africa. Atmos. Environ. 180, 117\u2013125 (2018).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"58144_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12331","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-12331-2022","volume":"22","author":"F Brown","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brown, F. et al. The ozone\u2013climate penalty over South America and Africa by 2100. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 22, 12331\u201312352 (2022).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"58144_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.10.008","volume":"196","author":"R Tetteh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tetteh, R., Yamaguchi, M., Wada, Y., Funada, R. & Izuta, T. Effects of ozone on growth, net photosynthesis and yield of two African varieties of Vigna unguiculata. Environ. Pollut. 196, 230\u2013238 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"58144_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/jac.12376","volume":"206","author":"F Hayes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hayes, F., Sharps, K., Harmens, H., Roberts, I. & Mills, G. Tropospheric ozone pollution reduces the yield of African crops. J. Agron. Crop. Sci. 206, 214\u2013228 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Agron. Crop. Sci."},{"key":"58144_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119209","volume":"304","author":"AJ Holder","year":"2022","unstructured":"Holder, A. J. & Hayes, F. Substantial yield reduction in sweet potato due to tropospheric ozone, the dose-response function. Environ. Pollut. 304, 119209 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"58144_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62338","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14967-3","volume":"28","author":"K Sharps","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharps, K., Vieno, M., Beck, R., Hayes, F. & Harmens, H. Quantifying the impact of ozone on crops in Sub-Saharan Africa demonstrates regional and local hotspots of production loss. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28, 62338\u201362352 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"58144_CR14","unstructured":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics. The National Population and Housing Census 2014 \u2013 Main Report. Kampala, Uganda. (2016). https:\/\/www.ubos.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/publications\/03_20182014_National_Census_Main_Report.pdf"},{"key":"58144_CR15","unstructured":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). Uganda census of agriculture 2008\/2009. Kampala, Uganda. (2010). https:\/\/www.ubos.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/publications\/03_2018UCACrop.pdf"},{"key":"58144_CR16","unstructured":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). Uganda annual agricultural survey 2018. Kampala, Uganda. (2020). https:\/\/www.ubos.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/publications\/06_2020AAS_2018_Report_Final_050620.pdf"},{"key":"58144_CR17","unstructured":"Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) Beans Training Manual for Extension Workers in Uganda. (2018)"},{"key":"58144_CR18","unstructured":"Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET) Uganda \u2013 Staple Food Market Fundamentals. (2017). https:\/\/fews.net\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/reports\/FEWS_NET_Uganda_Staple_Food_Market_Fundamentals_January_2017.pdf"},{"key":"58144_CR19","unstructured":"Gatsby, Boosting Ugandan Bean Production. A project report for the Gatsby Charitable Foundation (2014). https:\/\/www.gatsby.org.uk\/uploads\/africa\/reports\/pdf\/beans-summary-2014.pdf"},{"key":"58144_CR20","unstructured":"Kilimo Trust. Development of Inclusive Markets in Agriculture and Trade (DIMAT): The Nature and Markets of Bean Value Chains in Uganda (2012). https:\/\/www.undp.org\/sites\/g\/files\/zskgke326\/files\/migration\/ug\/UNDP-Uganda_PovRed---Beans-Value-Chain-Report-2013.pdf"},{"key":"58144_CR21","unstructured":"FAOSTAT Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome (2023). https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#home"},{"key":"58144_CR22","unstructured":"Commercial Agriculture for Smallholders and Agribusiness (CASA) Beans Sector Strategy \u2013 Uganda. CASA Programme, Edinburgh, UK. (2020). https:\/\/www.casaprogramme.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/CASA-Uganda-BeansSector-analysis-report.pdf"},{"key":"58144_CR23","unstructured":"Bernard. B. Local and regional variations in conditions for agriculture and food security in Uganda, In AgriFoSe2030, Report 5. (2018). https:\/\/pub.epsilon.slu.se\/16592\/1\/bernard_b_200121.pdf"},{"key":"58144_CR24","unstructured":"Owori, M. Poverty in Uganda: National and Regional Data and Trends. A factsheet for Development Initiatives, Bristol, UK. (2020). https:\/\/devinit-prod-static.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/media\/documents\/Poverty_in_Uganda_-_National_and_regional_data_and_trends.pdf"},{"key":"58144_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Monetary Fund (IMF) Uganda Selected Issues, IMF Country Report No. 22\/78, Washington DC, USA. (2022). https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/CR\/Issues\/2022\/03\/15\/Uganda-Selected-Issues-515171","DOI":"10.5089\/9781475599336.002"},{"key":"58144_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-022-03408-w","volume":"173","author":"M Nansamba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nansamba, M. et al. Assessing drought effects on banana production and on-farm coping strategies by farmers\u2014A study in the cattle corridor of Uganda. Clim. Chan. 173, 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-022-03408-w (2022).","journal-title":"Clim. Chan."},{"key":"58144_CR27","first-page":"2","volume":"6","author":"D Mfitumukiza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mfitumukiza, D., Barasa, B. & Ntale, E. Ecosystem-based adaptation to drought among agro-pastoral farmers: opportunities and constraints in Nakasongola district. Central Uganda. Environ. Man. Sust. Dev. 6, 2 (2017).","journal-title":"Central Uganda. Environ. Man. Sust. Dev."},{"key":"58144_CR28","first-page":"32","volume":"3","author":"H Kongai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kongai, H., Ochom, G., Asero, D. & Rubaihayo, P. Effects of floods on smallholder crop production in Eastern Uganda. J. Multidiscip. Stud. 3, 32\u201337 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Stud."},{"key":"58144_CR29","unstructured":"Ignaciuk, A., Maggio, G., Mastrorillo, M. & Sitko, N. Adapting to higher temperatures: evidence on the impacts of sustainable agricultural practices in Uganda. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper 21\u201302. Rome, FAO (2021). https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/cb3386en\/cb3386en.pdf"},{"key":"58144_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.3390\/w11091805","volume":"11","author":"V Sridharan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sridharan, V. et al. The impact of climate change on crop production in Uganda\u2014an integrated systems assessment with water and energy implications. Water 11, 1805 (2019).","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"58144_CR31","first-page":"46","volume":"B2","author":"CR Athanase","year":"2013","unstructured":"Athanase, C. R. et al. Farmers\u2019 coping mechanisms for common bean production under water-logged soil conditions in Uganda-Rwanda boarder region. J. Environ. Sci. Eng. B2, 46\u201352 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"58144_CR32","first-page":"94","volume":"20","author":"MA Bekunda","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bekunda, M. A., Nkonya, E., Mugendi, D. & Msaky, J. J. Soil fertility status, management, and research in East Africa. East. Afr. J. Rural Dev. 20, 94\u2013112 (2002).","journal-title":"East. Afr. J. Rural Dev."},{"key":"58144_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/plants6010014","volume":"6","author":"D Moura Rebou\u00e7as","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moura Rebou\u00e7as, D. et al. Combined effects of ozone and drought on the physiology and membrane lipids of two cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) cultivars. Plants 6, 14 (2017).","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"58144_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2023.108505","volume":"352","author":"MC Broberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Broberg, M. C. et al. Effects of ozone, drought and heat stress on wheat yield and grain quality. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 352, 108505 (2023).","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"58144_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.12073","volume":"16","author":"R Alonso","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alonso, R. et al. Drought stress does not protect Quercus ilex L. from ozone effects: Results from a comparative study of two subspecies differing in ozone sensitivity. Plant Biol. 16, 375\u2013384 (2014).","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"58144_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.12.002","volume":"41","author":"H Pleijel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pleijel, H., Danielsson, H., Emberson, L., Ashmore, M. R. & Mills, G. Ozone risk assessment for agricultural crops in Europe: further development of stomatal flux and flux\u2013response relationships for European wheat and potato. Atmos. Environ. 41, 3022\u20133040 (2007).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"58144_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02217.x","volume":"17","author":"G Mills","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mills, G. et al. Evidence of widespread effects of ozone on crops and (semi-)natural vegetation in Europe (1990\u20132006) in relation to AOT40- and flux-based risk maps. Glob. Chan. Biol. 17, 592\u2013613 (2011).","journal-title":"Glob. Chan. Biol."},{"key":"58144_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-265-2016","volume":"16","author":"M Vieno","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vieno, M. et al. The sensitivities of emissions reductions for the mitigation of UK PM2.5. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 265\u2013276 (2016).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"58144_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7825","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-7825-2012","volume":"12","author":"D Simpson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simpson, D. et al. The EMEP MSC-W chemical transport model - technical description. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 7825\u20137865 (2012).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"58144_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Skamarock, W.C. et al. A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 4. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR\/TN-556+STR, 145 pp. (2019) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5065\/1dfh-6p97","DOI":"10.5065\/1dfh-6p97"},{"key":"58144_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10529","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-10529-2015","volume":"15","author":"A Stohl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stohl, A. et al. Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 10529\u201310566 (2015).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"58144_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(00)00043-9","volume":"109","author":"LD Emberson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Emberson, L. D., Ashmore, M. R., Cambridge, H. M., Simpson, D. & Tuovinen, J. P. Modelling stomatal ozone flux across Europe. Environ. Pollut. 109, 403\u2013413 (2000).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"58144_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013851116524","volume":"130","author":"LD Emberson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Emberson, L. D., Ashmore, M. R., Simpson, D., Tuovinen, J. P. & Cambridge, H. M. Modelling and mapping ozone deposition in Europe. Wat. Air and Soil Poll. 130, 577\u2013582 (2001).","journal-title":"Wat. Air and Soil Poll."},{"key":"58144_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2020.e00482","volume":"9","author":"F Hayes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hayes, F., Harmens, H., Sharps, K. & Radbourne, A. Ozone dose-response relationships for tropical crops reveal potential threat to legume and wheat production, but not to millets. Sci. Afr. 9, e00482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2020.e00482 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"58144_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), \u201cSpatially-Disaggregated Crop Production Statistics Data in Africa South of the Saharan for 2017\u201d, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/FSSKBW, Harvard Dataverse, V1 (2020).","DOI":"10.7910\/DVN\/FSSKBW"},{"key":"58144_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2014.01.002","volume":"127","author":"L You","year":"2014","unstructured":"You, L., Wood, S., Wood-Sichra, U. & Wu, W. Generating global crop distribution maps: from census to grid. Agric. Syst. 127, 53\u201360 (2014).","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"58144_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(00)00055-5","volume":"109","author":"G Soja","year":"2000","unstructured":"Soja, G. et al. Phenological weighting of ozone exposures in the calculation of critical levels for wheat, bean and plantain. Environ. Pollut. 109, 517\u2013524 (2000).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"58144_CR48","unstructured":"Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S. & Sarkar, D. R Core Team nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models R package version 3.1\u2013137. (2018) https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=nlme"},{"key":"58144_CR49","unstructured":"CLRTAP. Chapter 3 \u201cMapping critical levels for vegetation.\u201d LRTAP Convention Modelling and Mapping Manual. (2017) http:\/\/icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk\/"},{"key":"58144_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4869","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14381","volume":"24","author":"G Mills","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mills, G. et al. Closing the global ozone yield gap: quantification and cobenefits for multistress tolerance. Glob. Chan. Biol. 24, 4869\u20134893 (2018).","journal-title":"Glob. Chan. Biol."},{"key":"58144_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-753-2020","volume":"12","author":"J Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng, J. et al. A pan-African high-resolution drought index dataset. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 12, 753\u2013769 (2020).","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"58144_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10917","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70810917","volume":"7","author":"X Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, X., He, B., Quan, X., Liao, Z. & Bai, X. Use of the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) to characterize the drying trend in southwest China from 1982\u20132012. Remote Sens. 7, 10917\u201310937 (2015).","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"58144_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfr3.12911","author":"F Mitheu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mitheu, F. et al. The utility of impact data in flood forecast verification for anticipatory actions: Case studies from Uganda and Kenya. J. Flood Risk Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfr3.12911 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Flood Risk Manag."},{"key":"58144_CR54","unstructured":"Brakenridge, G. R. Global active archive of large flood events. Dartmouth Flood Observatory, University of Colorado (2015). http:\/\/floodobservatory.colorado.edu\/Archives\/index.html"},{"key":"58144_CR55","unstructured":"UNISDR, United Nations DesInventar Open Source Initiative (2018). https:\/\/www.desinventar.net\/"},{"key":"58144_CR56","unstructured":"EM-DAT. Database | EM-DAT, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (202). https:\/\/www.emdat.be\/database"},{"key":"58144_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0453-3","volume":"7","author":"I Harris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harris, I., Osborn, T. J., Jones, P. & Lister, D. Version 4 of the CRU TS monthly high-resolution gridded multivariate climate dataset. Sci. Data 7, 109 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"58144_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5086","volume":"37","author":"SE Fick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fick, S. E. & Hijmans, R. J. WorldClim 2: new 1km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 37, 4302\u20134315 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"58144_CR59","unstructured":"Salcedo J.M. Regeneration guidelines: common bean. In: Dulloo M.E., Thormann I., Jorge M.A. and Hanson J., editors. Crop specific regeneration guidelines [CD-ROM]. CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resource Programme, Rome, Italy. 9 pp (2008)."},{"key":"58144_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CIESIN (Center for International Earth Science Information Network). Columbia University. Global Gridded Relative Deprivation Index (GRDI), Version 1. Palisades, New York: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). (2022a) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/3xxe-ap97","DOI":"10.7927\/3xxe-ap97"},{"key":"58144_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CIESIN (Center for International Earth Science Information Network). Columbia University. Documentation for the Global Gridded Relative Deprivation Index (GRDI), Version 1. Palisades, New York: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). (2022b) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/xwf1-k532","DOI":"10.7927\/xwf1-k532"},{"key":"58144_CR62","unstructured":"Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC). Acute Food Insecurity Analysis for Uganda (Karamoja), April 2023 \u2013 February 2024. A report by the IPC Technical Working Group of Uganda. (2023). https:\/\/www.ipcinfo.org\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/ipcinfo\/docs\/IPC_Uganda_Karamoja_AcuteFoodInsecurity_Apr2023_Feb2024_report.pdf"},{"key":"58144_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020555","volume":"119","author":"NV Balashov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Balashov, N. V., Thompson, A. M., Piketh, S. J. & Langerman, K. E. Surface ozone variability and trends over the South African Highveld from 1990 to 2007. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119, 4323\u20134342 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"58144_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00035","volume":"4","author":"SE Beebe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beebe, S. E., Rao, I. M., Blair, M. W. & Acosta-Gallegos, J. A. Phenotyping common beans for adaptation to drought. Front. Physiol. 4, 35 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"58144_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat3466","volume":"361","author":"CA Deutsch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deutsch, C. A. et al. Increase in crop losses to insect pests in a warming climate. Science 361, 916\u2013919 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"58144_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8337","DOI":"10.3390\/su12208337","volume":"12","author":"D Bamwesigye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bamwesigye, D. et al. Charcoal and wood biomass utilization in Uganda: the socioeconomic and environmental dynamics and implications. Sustainability 12, 8337 (2020).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"58144_CR67","unstructured":"Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) & Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE). Uganda: National Irrigation Policy. (2017). https:\/\/www.mwe.go.ug\/sites\/default\/files\/library\/Uganda%20National%20Irrigation%20Policy.pdf"},{"key":"58144_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8070220","volume":"8","author":"H Harmens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harmens, H., Hayes, F., Sharps, K., Radbourne, A. & Mills, G. (2019) Can reduced irrigation mitigate ozone impacts on an ozone-sensitive African wheat variety?. Plants 8, 220 (2019).","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"58144_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/pbr.12573","volume":"138","author":"C Mukankusi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mukankusi, C. et al. Genomics, genetics and breeding of common bean in Africa: A review of tropical legume project. Plant Breed. 138, 401\u2013414 (2019).","journal-title":"Plant Breed."},{"key":"58144_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06308","volume":"7","author":"N Fatumah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fatumah, N., Tilahun, S. A. & Mohammed, S. Water use efficiency, grain yield, and economic benefits of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under four soil tillage systems in Mukono District Uganda. Heliyon 7, 2 (2021).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"58144_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2022.908662","volume":"4","author":"F Mitheu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mitheu, F. et al. Identifying the barriers and opportunities in the provision and use of weather and climate information for flood risk preparedness: The case of Katakwi District. Uganda. Front. Clim. 4, 908662 (2022).","journal-title":"Uganda. Front. Clim."},{"key":"58144_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/ajae.12229","volume":"104","author":"G Maggio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maggio, G., Mastrorillo, M. & Sitko, N. J. Adapting to high temperatures: effect of farm practices and their adoption duration on total value of crop production in Uganda. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 104, 385\u2013403 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Agric. Econ."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-58144-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-58144-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-58144-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T12:03:00Z","timestamp":1712318580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-58144-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["58144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-58144-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8026"}}