{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T18:14:15Z","timestamp":1784225655261,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020941","name":"Universidad Peruana Uni\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Resoluci\u00f3n N\u00b0 2556- 2022\/UPeU-CU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Resoluci\u00f3n N\u00b0 2556- 2022\/UPeU-CU"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universidad Se\u00f1or de Sip\u00e1n","award":["RESOLUCI\u00d3N DE DIRECTORIO N\u00b0015-2022\/PD-USS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RESOLUCI\u00d3N DE DIRECTORIO N\u00b0015-2022\/PD-USS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The health crisis caused by COVID-19 in the United Kingdom and the confinement measures that were subsequently implemented had unprecedented effects on the mental health of older adults, leading to the emergence and exacerbation of different comorbid symptoms including depression and anxiety. This study examined and compared depression and anxiety symptom networks in two specific quarantine periods (June\u2013July and November\u2013December) in the older adult population in the United Kingdom. We used the database of the English Longitudinal Study of Aging COVID-19 Substudy, consisting of 5797 participants in the first stage (54% women) and 6512 participants in the second stage (56% women), all over 50\u00a0years of age. The symptoms with the highest centrality in both times were: \u201cNervousness (A1)\u201d and \u201cInability to relax (A4)\u201d in expected influence and predictability, and \u201cdepressed mood (D1\u201d; bridging expected influence). The latter measure along with \"Irritability (A6)\" overlapped in both depression and anxiety clusters in both networks. In addition, a the cross-lagged panel network model was examined in which a more significant influence on the direction of the symptom \"Nervousness (A1)\" by the depressive symptoms of \"Anhedonia (D6)\", \"Hopelessness (D7)\", and \"Sleep problems (D3)\" was observed; the latter measure has the highest predictive capability of the network. The results report which symptoms had a higher degree of centrality and transdiagnostic overlap in the cross-sectional networks (invariants) and the cross-lagged panel network model of anxious and depressive symptomatology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58256-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T11:01:53Z","timestamp":1712055713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Network analysis of anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in older adults in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Cristian","family":"Ramos-Vera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Garc\u00eda O\u2019Diana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Basauri-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaquelin E.","family":"Calizaya-Milla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacksaint","family":"Saintila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"58256_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1590\/s0104-59702021005000011","volume":"28","author":"P Drinot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Drinot, P. Coronavirus en el Reino Unido: el costo del excepcionalismo. Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 28, 1269\u20131274 (2021).","journal-title":"Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos"},{"key":"58256_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez Ferro S. LA RESPUESTA BRIT\u00c1NICA FRENTE A LA CRISIS DESATADA POR LA COVID-19. In: Los Efectos Horizontales de la COVID sobre el sistema constitucional. Fundaci\u00f3n Manuel Gim\u00e9nez Abad, 2020. Epub ahead of print 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47919\/FMGA.OC20.0022.","DOI":"10.47919\/FMGA.OC20.0022"},{"key":"58256_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.46328\/ijtes.v4i4.107","volume":"4","author":"S Unger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Unger, S. & Meiran, W. Student attitudes towards online education during the COVID-19 viral outbreak of 2020: Distance learning in a time of social distance. Int. J. Technol. Educ. Sci. 4, 256\u2013266 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Educ. Sci."},{"key":"58256_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02311-0","volume":"57","author":"N Hettich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hettich, N. et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression, anxiety, loneliness, and satisfaction in the German general population: A longitudinal analysis. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 57, 2481\u20132490 (2022).","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"58256_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1861","author":"O McBride","year":"2021","unstructured":"McBride, O. et al. Monitoring the psychological, social, and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the population: Context, design and conduct of the longitudinal COVID-19 psychological research consortium (C19PRC) study. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.1861 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"58256_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e365","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00069-4","volume":"6","author":"A Steptoe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Steptoe, A. & Di Gessa, G. Mental health and social interactions of older people with physical disabilities in England during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Public Health 6, e365\u2013e373 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"58256_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245057","volume":"16","author":"PG van der Velden","year":"2021","unstructured":"van der Velden, P. G. et al. Anxiety and depression symptoms, the recovery from symptoms, and loneliness before and after the COVID-19 outbreak among the general population: Findings from a Dutch population-based longitudinal study. PLoS ONE 16, e0245057 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"58256_CR8","first-page":"149","volume":"3","author":"A Umer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Umer, A. et al. Depression and sleep issues in aging: A prospective study. Pak. J. Health Sci. 3, 149\u2013153 (2022).","journal-title":"Pak. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"58256_CR9","first-page":"32","volume":"7","author":"R Girdhar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Girdhar, R., Srivastava, V. & Sethi, S. Managing mental health issues among elderly during COVID-19 pandemic. J. Geriatr. Care Res. 7, 32\u201335 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Care Res."},{"key":"58256_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35663\/amp.2021.384.2225","author":"A Granda-Oblitas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Granda-Oblitas, A., Quiroz Gil, G. X. & Runzer Colmenares, F. M. Efectos del aislamiento en adultos mayores durante la pandemia: una revisi\u00f3n de la literatura. Acta Medica Peruana https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35663\/amp.2021.384.2225 (2022).","journal-title":"Acta Medica Peruana"},{"key":"58256_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113452","volume":"293","author":"I Grey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grey, I. et al. The role of perceived social support on depression and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res. 293, 113452 (2020).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"58256_CR12","first-page":"99","volume":"26","author":"L Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez, L., Olvera, V. G. & Villarreal, R. E. Efecto de la t\u00e9cnica de respiraci\u00f3n profunda en el nivel de ansiedad en adultos mayores. Rev Enferm Inst Mex Seguro Soc 26, 99\u2013104 (2018).","journal-title":"Rev Enferm Inst Mex Seguro Soc"},{"key":"58256_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"36","author":"MV King","year":"2021","unstructured":"King, M. V., C\u00e1ceres, J. A. G. & Abdulkadir, M. S. Prevalencia de depresi\u00f3n y factores de riesgo asociados a deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores. Revista Cubana de Medicina General Integral 36, 1\u201317 (2021).","journal-title":"Revista Cubana de Medicina General Integral"},{"key":"58256_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01738-z","volume":"18","author":"RN Groen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Groen, R. N. et al. Comorbidity between depression and anxiety: Assessing the role of bridge mental states in dynamic psychological networks. BMC Med. 18, 308 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"58256_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.09.017","volume":"45","author":"NA Rector","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rector, N. A., Szacun-Shimizu, K. & Leybman, M. Anxiety sensitivity within the anxiety disorders: Disorder-specific sensitivities and depression comorbidity. Behav. Res. Ther. 45, 1967\u20131975 (2007).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"58256_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/21642850.2018.1521283","volume":"6","author":"D Hevey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hevey, D. Network analysis: A brief overview and tutorial. Health Psychol. Behav. Med. 6, 301\u2013328 (2018).","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Behav. Med."},{"key":"58256_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15446\/revfacmed.v70n1.94407","volume":"70","author":"C Ramos-Vera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramos-Vera, C. & Serpa-Barrientos, A. Network analysis in clinical research in the COVID-19 context. Rev. Fac. Med. 70, e94407 (2021).","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. Med."},{"key":"58256_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/20597991221077911","volume":"15","author":"R Quintana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Quintana, R. The ecology of human behavior: A network perspective. Method Innov. 15, 42\u201361 (2022).","journal-title":"Method Innov."},{"key":"58256_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Tang, Q. & Zhang, C., et al. Anxiety and depression symptoms among older Chinese migrants during COVID-19: A network analysis. PREPRINT Available at Research Square. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs3.rs-3206545\/v1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs3.rs-3206545\/v1"},{"key":"58256_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721000635","volume":"52","author":"O Zavlis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zavlis, O. et al. How does the COVID-19 pandemic impact on population mental health? A network analysis of COVID influences on depression, anxiety and traumatic stress in the UK population. Psychol. Med. 52, 3825\u20133833 (2022).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"58256_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94301-6","volume":"11","author":"J Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu, J. & Mahendran, R. COVID-19 lockdown has altered the dynamics between affective symptoms and social isolation among older adults: results from a longitudinal network analysis. Sci. Rep. 11, 14739 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"58256_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00055-w","volume":"1","author":"D Borsboom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Borsboom, D. et al. Network analysis of multivariate data in psychological science. Nat. Rev. Methods Prim. 1, 58 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Prim."},{"key":"58256_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/08919887221078559","volume":"35","author":"W Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, W. et al. Network analysis of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress symptoms, insomnia, pain, and fatigue in clinically stable older patients with psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 outbreak. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 35, 196\u2013205 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"58256_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.919251","author":"L Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. Seeking bridge symptoms of anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance among the elderly during the lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014A network approach. Front. Psychiatry https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.919251 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"58256_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3934","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.69460","volume":"18","author":"Y Jin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jin, Y. et al. Depressive symptoms and gender differences in older adults in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic: A network analysis approach. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 18, 3934\u20133941 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"58256_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073920988787","volume":"13","author":"J Lange","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lange, J. & Zickfeld, J. H. Emotions as overlapping causal networks of emotion components: Implications and methodological approaches. Emot. Rev. 13, 157\u2013167 (2021).","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"58256_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/fk963","author":"PH Ribeiro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ribeiro, P. H. et al. The performance of the Clique Percolation to identify overlapping symptoms in psychological networks. PsyArXiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/fk963 (2022).","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"key":"58256_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000482","volume":"88","author":"T Dalgleish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dalgleish, T. et al. Transdiagnostic approaches to mental health problems: Current status and future directions. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 88, 179\u2013195 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"58256_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.02.062","volume":"250","author":"MR Garabiles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garabiles, M. R. et al. Exploring comorbidity between anxiety and depression among migrant Filipino domestic workers: A network approach. J. Affect. Disord. 250, 85\u201393 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"58256_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12851","volume":"57","author":"M Owczarek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Owczarek, M. et al. How is loneliness related to anxiety and depression: A population-based network analysis in the early lockdown period. Int. J. Psychol. 57, 585\u2013596 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol."},{"key":"58256_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1124257","author":"C Ramos-Vera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramos-Vera, C. et al. Psychological impact of COVID-19: A cross-lagged network analysis from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging COVID-19 database. Front. Psychiatry https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1124257 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"58256_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648231159373","volume":"42","author":"G Di Gessa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Di Gessa, G. & Zaninotto, P. Health behaviors and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the English longitudinal study of aging. J. Appl. Gerontol. 42, 1541\u20131550 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Gerontol."},{"key":"58256_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","volume":"1","author":"LS Radloff","year":"1977","unstructured":"Radloff, L. S. The CES-D scale. Appl. Psychol. Meas. 1, 385\u2013401 (1977).","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"58256_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer, R. L. et al. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Arch. Intern. Med. 166, 1092 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"58256_CR35","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing (4.2.1 \u2019Funny-Looking Kid\u2019). R Core Team. https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/ (2022). Accessed 5 September 2023."},{"key":"58256_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Epskamp, S. et al. qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. J. Stat. Softw. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i04 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"58256_CR37","unstructured":"Csardi G, NT. igraph: Network analysis and visualization (1.3.5). R-CRAN. R-CRAN. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=igraph (2022). Accessed 4 September 2023."},{"key":"58256_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"1695","author":"G Cs\u00e1rdi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cs\u00e1rdi, G. & Nepusz, T. The igraph software package for complex network research. InterJ. Complex Syst. 1695, 1\u20139 (2006).","journal-title":"InterJ. Complex Syst."},{"key":"58256_CR39","unstructured":"Epskamp S. bootnet: Bootstrap methods for various network estimation routines (1.5). R-CRAN. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=bootnet (2021). Accessed 5 September 2023."},{"key":"58256_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03210","volume":"6","author":"J Lange","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lange, J. CliquePercolation: An R package for conducting and visualizing results of the clique percolation network community detection algorithm. J. Open Source Softw. 6, 3210 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"58256_CR41","unstructured":"Jones P. Networktools: Tools for identifying important nodes in networks (1.5.0). R-CRAN. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=networktools (2022). Accessed 5 September 2023."},{"key":"58256_CR42","unstructured":"van Borkulo, C., Epskamp, S. & Jones P. NetworkComparisonTest: Statistical comparison of two networks based on three invariance measures (2.2.1). R-CRAN. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=NetworkComparisonTest (2019). Accessed 5 September 2023."},{"key":"58256_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","author":"Y Rosseel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosseel, Y. lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. J. Stat. Softw. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i02 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"58256_CR44","unstructured":"Jiang, H., Fei, X., Liu, H., Roeder, K., Lafferty, J., Wasserman, L., Li, X. & Zhao, T.. huge: High-dimensional undirected graph estimation (1.3.5). R-CRAN. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=huge (2019). Accessed 5 September 2023."},{"key":"58256_CR45","first-page":"1059","volume":"13","author":"T Zhao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhao, T. et al. The huge package for high-dimensional undirected graph estimation in R. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 13, 1059\u20131062 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"58256_CR46","first-page":"2295","volume":"10","author":"H Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu, H., Lafferty, J. & Wasserman, L. The nonparanormal: Semiparametric estimation of high dimensional undirected graphs. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 10, 2295\u20132328 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"58256_CR47","unstructured":"Lysen, S. Permuted Inclusion Criterion: A Variable Selection Technique. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania (2009)."},{"key":"58256_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","volume":"50","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D. & Fried, E. I. Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behav. Res. Methods 50, 195\u2013212 (2018).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"58256_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.69.026113","volume":"69","author":"MEJ Newman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Newman, M. E. J. & Girvan, M. Finding and evaluating community structure in networks. Phys. Rev. E 69, 026113 (2004).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"58256_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.74.016110","volume":"74","author":"J Reichardt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reichardt, J. & Bornholdt, S. Statistical mechanics of community detection. Phys. Rev. E 74, 016110 (2006).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"58256_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.80.036115","volume":"80","author":"VA Traag","year":"2009","unstructured":"Traag, V. A. & Bruggeman, J. Community detection in networks with positive and negative links. Phys. Rev. E 80, 036115 (2009).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"58256_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000181","volume":"125","author":"DJ Robinaugh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robinaugh, D. J., Millner, A. J. & McNally, R. J. Identifying highly influential nodes in the complicated grief network. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 125, 747\u2013757 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"58256_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl039","volume":"22","author":"B Adamcsek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Adamcsek, B. et al. CFinder: Locating cliques and overlapping modules in biological networks. Bioinformatics 22, 1021\u20131023 (2006).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"58256_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hochberg, Y. & Tamhane, A. C. Stepwise procedures for pairwise and more general comparisons among all treatments. In: Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics 110\u2013133 (1987).","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316672.ch4"},{"key":"58256_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000476","author":"CD van Borkulo","year":"2022","unstructured":"van Borkulo, C. D. et al. Comparing network structures on three aspects: A permutation test. Psychol. Methods https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000476 (2022).","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"58256_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000306","volume":"126","author":"D Borsboom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borsboom, D. et al. False alarm? A comprehensive reanalysis of \u2018evidence that psychopathology symptom networks have limited replicability\u2019 by Forbes, Wright, Markon, and Krueger (2017). J. Abnorm. Psychol. 126, 989\u2013999 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"58256_CR57","unstructured":"Rhemtulla, M., van Bork, R. & Cramer, A. O. J., et al. Cross-lagged network models. Multivariate Behavioral Research. Preprint."},{"key":"58256_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13628","author":"L Palagini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palagini, L. et al. Sleep, insomnia and mental health. J. Sleep Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.13628 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"58256_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00025-0","volume":"8","author":"L Kola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kola, L. et al. COVID-19 mental health impact and responses in low-income and middle-income countries: Reimagining global mental health. Lancet Psychiatry 8, 535\u2013550 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"58256_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.101020","volume":"17","author":"K Sen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sen, K., Prybutok, G. & Prybutok, V. The use of digital technology for social wellbeing reduces social isolation in older adults: A systematic review. SSM Popul. Health 17, 101020 (2022).","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"58256_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23136","volume":"38","author":"T Kaiser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaiser, T. et al. Unraveling the comorbidity of depression and anxiety in a large inpatient sample: Network analysis to examine bridge symptoms. Depress Anxiety 38, 307\u2013317 (2021).","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"58256_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-021-09920-3","volume":"46","author":"SL Levine","year":"2022","unstructured":"Levine, S. L. et al. Unhappy or unsatisfied: Distinguishing the role of negative affect and need frustration in depressive symptoms over the academic year and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Motiv. Emot. 46, 126\u2013136 (2022).","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"58256_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11111449","volume":"11","author":"I Vargas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vargas, I. et al. Measuring the effects of social isolation and dissatisfaction on depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: The moderating role of sleep and physical activity. Brain Sci 11, 1449 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"58256_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113117","volume":"290","author":"WDS Killgore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Killgore, W. D. S. et al. Loneliness: A signature mental health concern in the era of COVID-19. Psychiatry Res 290, 113117 (2020).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"58256_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.5944\/rppc.vol.17.num.3.2012.11845","volume":"17","author":"A Espa\u00f1ola","year":"2012","unstructured":"Espa\u00f1ola, A. & Belloch, A. Propuestas para un enfoque transdiagn\u00f3stico de los trastornos mentales y del comportamiento: Evidencia, utilidad y limitaciones. Revista de Psicopatolog\u00eda y Psicolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica 17, 295\u2013311 (2012).","journal-title":"Revista de Psicopatolog\u00eda y Psicolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"58256_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.5944\/rppc.vol.17.num.3.2012.11839","volume":"17","author":"B Sand\u00edn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sand\u00edn, B., Chorot, P. & Valiente, R. M. Transdiagn\u00f3stico: Nueva frontera en psicolog\u00eda cl\u00ednica = Transdiagnostic: A New frontier in clinical psychology. Revista de Psicopatolog\u00eda y Psicolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica 17, 185 (2012).","journal-title":"Revista de Psicopatolog\u00eda y Psicolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"58256_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Diagn. Stat. Man. Ment. Disord. (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/APPI.BOOKS.9780890425596.","DOI":"10.1176\/APPI.BOOKS.9780890425596"},{"key":"58256_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20631","volume":"18","author":"P Fusar-Poli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fusar-Poli, P. et al. Transdiagnostic psychiatry: A systematic review. World Psychiatry 18, 192\u2013207 (2019).","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"58256_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2022.104127","volume":"156","author":"D Borsboom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Borsboom, D. Reflections on an emerging new science of mental disorders. Behav. Res. Ther. 156, 104127 (2022).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"58256_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1177\/09637214221114089","volume":"31","author":"EI Fried","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fried, E. I. Studying mental health problems as systems, not syndromes. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 31, 500\u2013508 (2022).","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"58256_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpsp.12278","volume":"26","author":"JR Bullis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bullis, J. R. et al. What is an emotional disorder? A transdiagnostic mechanistic definition with implications for assessment, treatment, and prevention. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 26, e12278 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"58256_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2014.940781","volume":"26","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gross, J. J. Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychol. Inq. 26, 1\u201326 (2015).","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"58256_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073910380974","volume":"3","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gross, J. J. & Feldman, B. L. Emotion generation and emotion regulation: one or two depends on your point of view. Emot. Rev. 3, 8\u201316 (2011).","journal-title":"Emot. Rev."},{"key":"58256_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614536164","volume":"2","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gross, J. J. & Jazaieri, H. Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology. Clin. Psychol. Sci. 2, 387\u2013401 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"58256_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2017.1346130","volume":"26","author":"S N\u00f8rby","year":"2018","unstructured":"N\u00f8rby, S. Forgetting and emotion regulation in mental health, anxiety and depression. Memory 26, 342\u2013363 (2018).","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"58256_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00842","author":"E Parlapani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parlapani, E. et al. Intolerance of uncertainty and loneliness in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Psychiatry https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00842 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"58256_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-021-03281-5","volume":"64","author":"FD Welzel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Welzel, F. D. et al. Gesundheitliche Folgen sozialer Isolation: Qualitative Studie zu psychosozialen Belastungen und Ressourcen \u00e4lterer Menschen im Zusammenhang mit der COVID-19-Pandemie. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 64, 334\u2013341 (2021).","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"58256_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.05.061","volume":"311","author":"W Bai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bai, W. et al. Network analysis of depression, anxiety, insomnia and quality of life among Macau residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Affect. Disord. 311, 181\u2013188 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"58256_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.12.005","volume":"101","author":"HA Bard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bard, H. A. et al. Insomnia, depression, and anxiety symptoms interact and individually impact functioning: A network and relative importance analysis in the context of insomnia. Sleep Med. 101, 505\u2013514 (2023).","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"58256_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.019","volume":"294","author":"A Hoffart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoffart, A., Johnson, S. U. & Ebrahimi, O. V. The network of stress-related states and depression and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown. J. Affect. Disord. 294, 671\u2013678 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"58256_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073615","volume":"18","author":"F M\u00fcller","year":"2021","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, F. et al. Social isolation and loneliness during COVID-19 lockdown: Associations with depressive symptoms in the German old-age population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18, 3615 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"58256_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2021.106696","volume":"175","author":"Z Wei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wei, Z. et al. Network of depression and anxiety symptoms in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 175, 106696 (2021).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"58256_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101261","volume":"67","author":"V Knoop","year":"2021","unstructured":"Knoop, V. et al. Fatigue and the prediction of negative health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Ageing Res. Rev. 67, 101261 (2021).","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"58256_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2020.1828272","volume":"25","author":"M Maxfield","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maxfield, M. & Pituch, K. A. COVID-19 worry, mental health indicators, and preparedness for future care needs across the adult lifespan. Aging Ment. Health 25, 1273\u20131280 (2021).","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"58256_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.072","volume":"294","author":"W Bai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bai, W. et al. Network analysis of anxiety and depressive symptoms among nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Affect. Disord. 294, 753\u2013760 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"58256_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.06.051","volume":"314","author":"Y Jin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jin, Y. et al. Network analysis of comorbid depression and anxiety and their associations with quality of life among clinicians in public hospitals during the late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. J. Affect. Disord. 314, 193\u2013200 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"58256_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S367974","volume":"14","author":"H Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai, H. et al. Network analysis of comorbid anxiety and insomnia among clinicians with depressive symptoms during the late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Nat. Sci. Sleep 14, 1351\u20131362 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"58256_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.078","volume":"271","author":"S-C Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park, S.-C. & Kim, D. The centrality of depression and anxiety symptoms in major depressive disorder determined using a network analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 271, 19\u201326 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"58256_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/hkhbad","volume":"38","author":"CFR Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silva, C. F. R. et al. Depression, disability and sleep disturbance are the main explanatory factors of fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis: A path analysis model. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 38, 314\u2013321 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"58256_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2022.2073441","volume":"36","author":"X Niu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Niu, X. & Snyder, H. R. The role of maladaptive emotion regulation in the bidirectional relation between sleep and depression in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Anxiety Stress Coping 36, 83\u201396 (2023).","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-58256-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-58256-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-58256-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T12:06:18Z","timestamp":1712059578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-58256-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["58256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-58256-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7741"}}