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This study aimed to clarify why men are taller than women. Microarray-based transcriptome analysis of the cartilage tissues of four adults and chondrocytes of 12 children showed that the median expression levels of <jats:italic>SHOX<\/jats:italic>, a growth gene in the pseudoautosomal region (PAR), were higher in male samples than in female samples. Male-dominant <jats:italic>SHOX<\/jats:italic> expression was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR for 36 cartilage samples. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing of four cartilage samples revealed sex-biased DNA methylation in the <jats:italic>SHOX<\/jats:italic>-flanking regions, and pyrosequencing of 22 cartilage samples confirmed male-dominant DNA methylation at the CpG sites in the <jats:italic>SHOX<\/jats:italic> upstream region and exon 6a. DNA methylation indexes of these regions were positively correlated with <jats:italic>SHOX<\/jats:italic> expression levels. These results, together with prior findings that PAR genes often exhibit male-dominant expression, imply that the relatively low <jats:italic>SHOX<\/jats:italic> expression in female cartilage tissues reflects the partial spread of X chromosome inactivation into PAR. Altogether, this study provides the first indication that sex differences in height are ascribed, at least in part, to the sex-dependent epigenetic regulation of <jats:italic>SHOX<\/jats:italic>. Our findings deserve further validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58530-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T19:01:32Z","timestamp":1712343692000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Expression levels and DNA methylation profiles of the growth gene SHOX in cartilage tissues and chondrocytes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Hattori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsuhito","family":"Seki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoto","family":"Inaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Nakabayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazue","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuniko","family":"Tatsusmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Naiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akie","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Ishiwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michiyo","family":"Nasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohji","family":"Okamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshimi","family":"Michigami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Katoh-Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Umezawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masayo","family":"Kagami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maki","family":"Fukami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"58530_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00205079","volume":"91","author":"T Ogata","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ogata, T. & Matsuo, N. 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