{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T18:53:57Z","timestamp":1740164037299,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012021","name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1400-1-2-20011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1400-1-2-20011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012021","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the recent years, ever-increasing population growth and higher wastewater production has been a challenge for decentralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In addition, sludge treatment due to high cost for equipment and place make authorities to find a sustainable approach in both of economical and technical perspectives. One of the proposed solutions is transferring the sludge produced from decentralized WWTP to centralized WWTP. However, the appropriate proportional ratio of raw sludge to raw sewage is a challenge, otherwise, it make anaerobic conditions and sewage rotting along the sewer network based on permissible limit of dihydrogen sulfide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S) gas (5 ppm). In the present study, seven reactors with different ratios of sludge to raw sewage (0, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100) were used to stimulate the feasibility of transferring Shahrake Gharb WWTP sludge along the wastewater transfer pipe to the centralized sewage treatment south Tehran WWTP plant in Tehran, Iran. The septic situation and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S emission of different reactors within 7 h (Time to reach the compound in the south treatment plant) was analyzed by gas meter. The results indicated that the optimum ratio of sludge to raw sewage was 15% without H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S production during 7 h. In addition, due to the high volume of sludge produced by the Shahrake Gharb WWTP, the optimal ratio of lime to total solids (TS) in sludge (gr\/gr) (0.6) increased the sludge loading rate from 15 to 30% without any H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S emission during the stimulation study period. Therefore, the lime stabilization and transfer of sludge from a decentralized WWTP to a centralized WWTP is a feasible way to manage the sludge and enhance the treatment capacity in local WWTP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58821-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T11:02:41Z","timestamp":1713870161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biological feasibility of discharge a local WTTP sludge to sewer network and centralized WWTP; a case study: Tehran, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Samira","family":"Karami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Farzadkia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Kermani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roshanak Rezaei","family":"Kalantary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Pasalari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"30","key":"58821_CR1","first-page":"65","volume":"28","author":"A Torabian","year":"2001","unstructured":"Torabian, A. Urban sewage sludge management plan (case study of Quds Town waste water treatment plant). Environ. Sci. 28(30), 65\u201378 (2001).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"58821_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/15422119.2012.717161","volume":"43","author":"P Pal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pal, P. & Kumar, R. Treatment of coke wastewater: A critical review for developing sustainable management strategies. Separat. Purif. 43(2), 89\u2013123 (2014).","journal-title":"Separat. Purif."},{"issue":"447","key":"58821_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.12.078","volume":"1","author":"J Filipovi\u0107","year":"2013","unstructured":"Filipovi\u0107, J., Bermanec, V. & Kneepad, G. Monitoring of total metal concentration in sludge samples: Case study for the mechanical\u2013biological wastewater treatment plant in Velika Gorica, Croatia. Sci. Total Environ. 1(447), 17\u201324 (2013).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"47","key":"58821_CR4","first-page":"19","volume":"15","author":"M Farzad Kia","year":"2005","unstructured":"Farzad Kia, M. & Taherkhani, H. Evaluation of sludge management in sewage treatment plant in Hamadan Province. Mazandaran Univ. Med. Sci. 15(47), 19\u201325 (2005).","journal-title":"Mazandaran Univ. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"42","key":"58821_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"1379","author":"M Karabi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Karabi, M. An attitude on upgrading and improving the status of water and sewage treatment plants. Water Environ. J. 1379(42), 1-15 (2000).","journal-title":"Water Environ. J"},{"key":"58821_CR6","unstructured":"Sevilimi, M.F., et al. Evaluation of decentralized and centralized waste water treatment plant. in Presented at the International Multi Disciplinari Scientific GeoConference.(2008)."},{"issue":"3","key":"58821_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2166\/aqua.2009.043","volume":"58","author":"T Miyanoshita","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miyanoshita, T., Oda, N., Hayashi, N., Fujiwara, M. & Furumai, H. Economic evaluation combined treatment for sludge from drinking water and sewage treatmen plants in Japan. J. Water Supply Res. Technol. AQUA. 58(3), 221\u2013227 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Water Supply Res. Technol. AQUA."},{"issue":"10","key":"58821_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:10(1027)","volume":"123","author":"M Dwards","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dwards, M., Courtney, B., Heppler, P. & Hernandez, M. Beneficial discharge of iron coagulation sludge to sewers. J. Environ. 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