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For a follow up of 20\u00a0weeks, tumor growth was monitored by serum PSA and high-resolution 3D ultrasonography. Eventually, animals were sacrificed and autopsied. The organ dissects were analyzed for the presence of metastases by histology (H&amp;E) and immunohistochemistry (AMACR, AR, Ki-67, CK5, CK8, E-Cadherin, Vimentin). Solid intraprostatic tumors developed in 50% of mice after spheroid implantation and in 50% of mice after implantation of a single cells. Primary tumors of LNCaP spheroids evolved earlier, exhibiting a shorter tumor doubling time whilst developing larger tumor volumes, which was reflected by a higher immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 and AR, too. Spheroid tumors established lung and lymph node metastases in 75% of mice, in contrast to 50% of mice after single cell implantation. Our technique enables a variety of studies regarding the influence of the tumor microenvironment on PCa progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59052-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T07:04:05Z","timestamp":1713337445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tumor promoting effect of spheroids in an orthotopic prostate cancer mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Julius Lars Daniel","family":"Bastian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Zeuschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"St\u00f6ckle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Junker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-2436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Linxweiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"59052_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung, H. et al. 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