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Radiological outcomes, including union and alignment, were evaluated. The risk factors for non-union were investigated, including demographics and treatment-related characteristics, such as the number of interlocking screws, segmentation length, main third fragment length, distance of the main third fragment, width ratio and exposed nail length in one cortex from immediate post-operative radiographs. Multivariate logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. Among 2295 femoral shaft fracture patients from three level-1 trauma centers, 51 met the inclusion criteria. The radiological union was achieved in 37 patients (73%) with a mean union time of 10.7\u2009\u00b1\u20094.8\u00a0months. The acceptable axial alignment was observed in 30 patients (59%). Multiple logistic regression analysis identified only exposed nail length as a significant risk factor for non-union (odds ratio: 1.599, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) and the cut-off value was 19.1\u00a0mm (sensitivity, 0.786; specificity, 0.811). The study revealed high rates of non-union (27%) and malalignment (41%). Therefore, patients who underwent intramedullary nailing with an exposed nail length greater than 19.1\u00a0mm or about twice the nail diameter should be cautioned of the potential non-union.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59136-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T06:02:00Z","timestamp":1712728920000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Radiographic outcomes and non-union factor analysis in fragmentary segmental femoral shaft fractures (AO\/OTA 32C3) treated with reamed antegrade nailing"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9764-3912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won-Tae","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae Hoon","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung Ryeol","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2661-0088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoon-Sang","family":"Sohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"59136_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31828c3dc9","volume":"74","author":"N Enninghorst","year":"2013","unstructured":"Enninghorst, N., McDougall, D., Evans, J. 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