{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T11:13:46Z","timestamp":1768734826043,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["955374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["955374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Capsule for Sampling (CapSa) is an ingestible capsule that collects small intestine content while transiting through the natural digestive pathway. In this study, 14 Swiss Large White pigs weighing less than 12\u00a0kg (Category\u2009&lt;\u200912\u00a0kg) and 12 weighing between 12 and 20\u00a0kg (Category [12\u201320\u00a0kg]) were given two CapSas and monitored for three days. The animals were euthanized for post-mortem sampling, allowing us to directly obtain gut microbiota samples from the gastrointestinal tract. This post-mortem approach enabled a direct comparison between the microbial content from the gut and the samples collected via the CapSas, and it also facilitated precise identification of the CapSas\u2019 sampling sites within the gastrointestinal tract. For the category under 12\u00a0kg, only 2.3% of the administered CapSas were recovered from the feces. In contrast, in the 12\u201320\u00a0kg category, 62.5% of the CapSas were successfully retrieved from the feces within 48\u00a0h. Of these recovered CapSas, 73.3%\u2014equating to 11 capsules from eight pigs\u2014had a pH\u2009&gt;\u20095.5 and were therefore selected for microbiome analysis. Bacterial composition of the CapSas was compared with that of the three segments of the small intestine, the large intestine and feces of the corresponding pig. The results were tested using a PERMANOVA model (Adonis) including sample type as a factor, and then pairwise comparisons were made. The bacterial composition found in the CapSas differed from that of the large intestine and feces (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), while it did not differ from the first segment of the small intestine (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.10). This study provides evidence that the CapSa effectively samples the intestinal microbiota from the upper section of the small intestine in post-weaning pigs. Furthermore, it was found that the collection of CapSas could only be successfully achieved in pigs classified within the heavier weight category.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59950-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T12:52:39Z","timestamp":1714567959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A non-invasive tool to collect small intestine content in post weaning pigs: validation study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Garc\u00eda Vi\u00f1ado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Trevisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Ollagnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"59950_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116523","volume":"10","author":"D Schokker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schokker, D. et al. Long-lasting effects of early-life antibiotic treatment and routine animal handling on gut microbiota composition and immune system in Pigs. PLoS ONE 10(2), e0116523 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"59950_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skaa227","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa227","volume":"98","author":"KB Jang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jang, K. B., Purvis, J. M. & Kim, S. W. Supplemental effects of dietary lysophospholipids in lactation diets on sow performance, milk composition, gut health, and gut-associated microbiome of offspring. J. Anim. Sci. 98(8), skaa227 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"59950_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2016-0031","volume":"6","author":"JM Fouhse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fouhse, J. M., Zijlstra, R. T. & Willing, B. P. The role of gut microbiota in the health and disease of pigs. Anim. Front. 6(3), 30\u201336 (2016).","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"issue":"3","key":"59950_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00688-21","volume":"10","author":"Y Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo, Y. et al. Dynamic distribution of gut microbiota in Pigs at different growth stages: Composition and contribution. Microbiol. Spectr. 10(3), e0068821 (2022).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"issue":"1","key":"59950_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.12443","volume":"137","author":"C Maltecca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maltecca, C., Bergamaschi, M. & Tiezzi, F. The interaction between microbiome and pig efficiency: A review. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 137(1), 4\u201313 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"issue":"2","key":"59950_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117441","volume":"10","author":"W Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao, W. et al. The dynamic distribution of porcine microbiota across different ages and gastrointestinal tract segments. PLoS ONE 10(2), e0117441 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"59950_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090343","volume":"7","author":"R Gresse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gresse, R., Chaucheyras Durand, F., Duni\u00e8re, L., Blanquet-Diot, S. & Forano, E. Microbiota composition and functional profiling throughout the gastrointestinal tract of commercial weaning Piglets. Microorganisms 7(9), 343 (2019).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"6","key":"59950_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1773748","volume":"11","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wang, X., Wang, X.-Q., Wang, J. & Zhao, J. Life-long dynamics of the swine gut microbiome and their implications in probiotics development and food safety. Gut Microbes 11(6), 1824\u20131832 (2020).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"1","key":"59950_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0512-7","volume":"15","author":"MJ Slifierz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Slifierz, M. J., Friendship, R. M. & Weese, J. S. Longitudinal study of the early-life fecal and nasal microbiotas of the domestic pig. BMC Microbiol. 15(1), 184 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"59950_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.05.001","volume":"8","author":"ME Duarte","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duarte, M. E. & Kim, S. W. Intestinal microbiota and its interaction to intestinal health in nursery pigs. Animal Nutr. 8(1), 169\u2013184 (2022).","journal-title":"Animal Nutr."},{"key":"59950_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466987","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01886","volume":"10","author":"R Choudhury","year":"2019","unstructured":"Choudhury, R., Middelkoop, A., Bolhuis, J. E. & Kleerebezem, M. Legitimate and reliable determination of the age-related intestinal microbiome in Young Piglets; Rectal Swabs and fecal samples provide comparable insights. Front. Microbiol. 10, 466987 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"59950_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.01.038","volume":"153","author":"N van der Wielen","year":"2023","unstructured":"van der Wielen, N. et al. Presence of unabsorbed free amino acids at the end of the small intestine indicates the potential for an increase in amino acid uptake in humans and pigs. J. Nutr. 153(3), 673\u2013682 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"issue":"7","key":"59950_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2017.1307947","volume":"68","author":"TS Nielsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nielsen, T. S., J\u00f8rgensen, H., Knudsen, K. E. B. & L\u00e6rke, H. N. The microbial fermentation characteristics depend on both carbohydrate source and heat processing: A model experiment with ileo-cannulated pigs. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 68(7), 811\u2013820 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"59950_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00151","volume":"10","author":"Q Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang, Q. et al. Current sampling methods for Gut microbiota: A call for more precise devices. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 10, 151 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"59950_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900053","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.201900053","volume":"1","author":"H Rezaei Nejad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rezaei Nejad, H. et al. Ingestible Osmotic pill for in vivo sampling of gut microbiomes. Adv. Intell. Syst. 1(5), 1900053 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"59950_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00777-z","volume":"5","author":"J Folz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Folz, J. et al. Human metabolome variation along the upper intestinal tract. Nat. Metab. 5, 777 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"59950_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05989-7","volume":"617","author":"D Shalon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shalon, D. et al. Profiling the human intestinal environment under physiological conditions. Nature 617, 581 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"59950_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108784","volume":"128","author":"Y Reynaud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reynaud, Y. et al. Temporal changes in postprandial intragastric pH: Comparing measurement methods, food structure effects, and kinetic modelling. Food Res. Int. 128, 108784 (2020).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"59950_CR19","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Vi\u00f1ado, I., M. Tretola, G. Bee, and C. Ollagnier. Capsule for sampling (CapSa): A less invasive tool to sample small-intestinal content in pigs. In 73rd Annual Meeting of European Federation of Animal Science (EAAP). 2022. Porto: Zenodo."},{"key":"59950_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105627","volume":"156","author":"LJ Henze","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henze, L. J. et al. Characterization of gastrointestinal transit and luminal conditions in pigs using a telemetric motility capsule. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 156, 105627 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"59950_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113709","volume":"165","author":"N Hadinia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hadinia, N., Edalatian Dovom, M. R. & Yavarmanesh, M. The effect of fermentation conditions temperature, salt concentration, and pH with lactobacillus strains for producing short chain fatty acids. LWT 165, 113709 (2022).","journal-title":"LWT"},{"issue":"7","key":"59950_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3692","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.7.3692-3700.2005","volume":"71","author":"W Walker Alan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walker Alan, W., Duncan Sylvia, H., McWilliam Leitch, E. C., Child Matthew, W. & Flint Harry, J. pH and peptide supply can radically alter bacterial populations and short-chain fatty acid ratios within microbial communities from the human colon. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71(7), 3692\u20133700 (2005).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"59950_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071630","volume":"20","author":"B Adhikari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adhikari, B., Kim, S. W. & Kwon, Y. M. Characterization of microbiota associated with digesta and mucosa in different regions of gastrointestinal tract of nursery pigs. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20(7), 1630 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"59950_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, C., Y. Yang, Y. Su, E.G. Zoetendal, and W. Zhu, Differences in microbiota membership along the gastrointestinal tract of piglets and their differential alterations following an early-life antibiotic intervention. Front. Microbiol., 2017. 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00797"},{"issue":"4","key":"59950_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.09.002","volume":"18","author":"KA Earle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Earle, K. A. et al. Quantitative imaging of gut microbiota spatial organization. Cell Host Microbe 18(4), 478\u2013488 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"6","key":"59950_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.041","volume":"174","author":"N Zmora","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zmora, N. et al. Personalized gut mucosal colonization resistance to empiric probiotics is associated with unique host and microbiome features. Cell 174(6), 1388-1405.e21 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"59950_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S647","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933227","volume":"64","author":"J Kvetina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kvetina, J. et al. Use of electrogastrography in preclinical studies of cholinergic and anticholinergic agents in experimental pigs. Physiol. Res. 64(Suppl 5), S647\u2013S652 (2015).","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"59950_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-0779-3","volume":"55","author":"M Kop\u00e1cov\u00e1","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kop\u00e1cov\u00e1, M. et al. Wireless video capsule enteroscopy in preclinical studies: Methodical design of its applicability in experimental pigs. Dig. Dis. Sci. 55(3), 626\u2013630 (2010).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"59950_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.711500","volume":"12","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Camilleri, M. & Atieh, J. New developments in prokinetic therapy for gastric motility disorders. Front. Pharm. 12, 2216 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Pharm."},{"key":"59950_CR30","unstructured":"Agroscope, Apports alimentaires recommand\u00e9s pour les porcs (livre jaune). 2\u00e8me \u00e9dition revue et compl\u00e9t\u00e9e 2005 ed. 2005."},{"issue":"1","key":"59950_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)01087-1","volume":"423","author":"MR Briejer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Briejer, M. R. et al. The in vitro pharmacological profile of prucalopride, a novel enterokinetic compound. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 423(1), 71\u201383 (2001).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"59950_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2007.01059.x","volume":"20","author":"JH De Maeyer","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Maeyer, J. H., Lefebvre, R. A. & Schuurkes, J. A. 5-HT4 receptor agonists: similar but not the same. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 20(2), 99\u2013112 (2008).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"59950_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.711500","volume":"12","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Camilleri, M. & Atieh, J. New developments in prokinetic therapy for gastric motility disorders. Front. Pharmacol. 12, 711500 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"10","key":"59950_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.035568","volume":"53","author":"F De Ponti","year":"2004","unstructured":"De Ponti, F. Pharmacology of serotonin: What a clinician should know. Gut 53(10), 1520 (2004).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"8","key":"59950_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105592","volume":"9","author":"S Takahashi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Takahashi, S., Tomita, J., Nishioka, K., Hisada, T. & Nishijima, M. Development of a prokaryotic universal primer for simultaneous analysis of bacteria and archaea using next-generation sequencing. PLOS ONE 9(8), e105592 (2014).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"59950_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Callahan, B. J. et al. DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat. Methods 13(7), 581\u2013583 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"59950_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","volume":"41","author":"C Quast","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quast, C. et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, D590\u2013D596 (2013).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"59950_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217","volume":"8","author":"PJ McMurdie","year":"2013","unstructured":"McMurdie, P. J. & Holmes, S. phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. PLOS ONE 8(4), e61217 (2013).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"59950_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02228.x","volume":"14","author":"P Dixon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dixon, P. VEGAN, a package of R functions for community ecology. J. Veg Sci. 14(6), 927\u2013930 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Veg Sci."},{"key":"59950_CR40","unstructured":"Martinez Arbizu, P., pairwiseAdonis: Pairwise multilevel comparison using adonis. R package version 0.4. 2020."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-59950-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-59950-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-59950-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T13:01:58Z","timestamp":1714568518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-59950-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["59950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-59950-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9964"}}