{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T23:01:33Z","timestamp":1757545293582},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"PROTECT (Partnership for Research in Occupational, Transport and Environmental COVID Transmission) COVID-19 National Core Study on Transmission and Environment"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 (1 March\u00a0to\u00a010 May 2021) with an attack rate of 26.5% among approximately 1150 workers at a storage and distribution centre in England prompted a multidisciplinary outbreak investigation (5 May\u00a0to\u00a06 August 2021), with the aim of better understanding worker- and workplace-related risk factors for viral transmission in the warehousing sector. Overall, environmental factors (e.g., ventilation, humidity and temperature) were assessed to be appropriate at the facility. Nevertheless, 39 (51.3%) surface samples from across the site tested positive for low\/ very low levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA (Ct value\u2009\u2265\u200932.0 for all). Among the study participants, of whom 35.6% were confirmed or suspected cases, 95.5% reported having received COVID-19 prevention training, 100.0% reported handwashing, and 80.0% reported use of face coverings at work. Notably, 43.9% and 19.0% reported working with a symptomatic and a positive contact respectively. Furthermore, 80.5% and 46.3% had concerns regarding reduction in their income and future unemployment, respectively, due to self-isolation. The findings of this study suggest that, in addition to targeted workplace infection control measures and tailored work area specific risk assessments, an enhanced and equitable sick leave policy may help limit presenteeism and viral transmission in large workplaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60194-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T05:01:57Z","timestamp":1714107717000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A SARS-CoV-2 outbreak investigation at a storage and distribution centre in England: an assessment of worker- and workplace-related risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Amber I.","family":"Raja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Nicholls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Coldwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"van Veldhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vince","family":"Sandys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Nicholls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antony","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Atchison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Keen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"Brickley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiqun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"60194_CR1","unstructured":"Prime Minister's Office - 10 Downing Street. Prime Minister's address to the nation: 4 January 2021., (2021)."},{"key":"60194_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e055643","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055643","volume":"12","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Aldridge, T., Ferraro, C. & Khaw, F. M. COVID-19 outbreak rates and infection attack rates associated with the workplace: A descriptive epidemiological study. BMJ Open 12, e055643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055643 (2022).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"60194_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106731","volume":"78","author":"M Mutambudzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mutambudzi, M. et al. Occupation and risk of severe COVID-19: Prospective cohort study of 120 075 UK Biobank participants. Occup. Environ. Med. 78, 307\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2020-106731 (2020).","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"60194_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305738","volume":"110","author":"MG Baker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baker, M. G. Nonrelocatable occupations at increased risk during pandemics: United States, 2018. Am. J. Public Health 110, 1126\u20131132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305738 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"60194_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6933e3","volume":"69","author":"DP Bui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bui, D. P. et al. Racial and ethnic disparities among COVID-19 cases in workplace outbreaks by industry sector\u2014Utah, March 6-June 5 2020. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69, 1133\u20131138 (2020).","journal-title":"Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"60194_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2707.210425","volume":"27","author":"Z Contreras","year":"2021","unstructured":"Contreras, Z. et al. Industry sectors highly affected by worksite outbreaks of coronavirus disease, Los Angeles County, California, USA, March 19\u2013September 30, 2020. Emerg. Infect. Dis. J. 27, 1769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2707.210425 (2021).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"60194_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002201","volume":"63","author":"M Murti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murti, M. et al. COVID-19 workplace outbreaks by industry sector and their associated household transmission, Ontario, Canada, January to June, 2020. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 63, 574\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002201 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"60194_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7004a2","volume":"70","author":"I Pray","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pray, I., Kocharian, A., Mason, J., Westergaard, R. & Meiman, J. trends in outbreak-associated cases of COVID-19\u2014Wisconsin, March\u2013November 2020. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70, 114\u2013117 (2021).","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"60194_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2021-107879","volume":"79","author":"SA Buchan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Buchan, S. A. et al. Incidence of outbreak-associated COVID-19 cases by industry in Ontario Canada 1 April 2020\u201331 March 2021. Occup. Environ. Med. 79, 403\u2013411 (2022).","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"60194_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2022.306862","volume":"112","author":"A Heinzerling","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heinzerling, A. et al. Workplaces most affected by COVID-19 outbreaks in California, January 2020-August 2021. Am. J. Public Health 112, 1180\u20131190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2022.306862 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"60194_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gutelius, B. P., Sanjay. Pain Points: Data on work intensity, monitoring, and health at amazon warehouses. University of Illinois at Chicago report (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25417\/uic.24435124.v2","DOI":"10.25417\/uic.24435124.v2"},{"key":"60194_CR12","unstructured":"Government, U. (2021)."},{"key":"60194_CR13","unstructured":"Government, U. National Minimum Wage and National Living Wage rates, https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/national-minimum-wage-rates"},{"key":"60194_CR14","unstructured":"Health and Safety Executive. The PROTECT COVID-19 National Core Study on transmission and environment, (2020)."},{"issue":"201","key":"60194_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.17015.1","volume":"6","author":"Y Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. The COVID-OUT study protocol: COVID-19 outbreak investigation to understand workplace SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the United Kingdom. Wellcome Open Res. 6(201), 201 (2021).","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"60194_CR16","unstructured":"Baker, C., Kirk-Wade, E., Brown, J. & Barber, S. Coronavirus: A history of English lockdown laws, (2021)."},{"key":"60194_CR17","unstructured":"Government of United Kingdom. Daily summary: Coronavirus in the UK, https:\/\/coronavirus.data.gov.uk\/ (2021)."},{"key":"60194_CR18","unstructured":"Government of United Kingdom. Corona virus in the UK: Cases in England, (2021)."},{"key":"60194_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/MCF3G","author":"C Keen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keen, C., Chen, Y., Sandys, V. & Simpson, A. Environmental assessment data collection framework\u2014COVID-OUT study. Open Sci. Framew. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/MCF3G (2021)."},{"key":"60194_CR20","unstructured":"(CIBSE), C. I. o. B. S. E. COVID-19: Ventilation. (2021)."},{"key":"60194_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ixad216","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxad216","volume":"134","author":"I Nicholls","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nicholls, I., Spencer, A., Chen, Y., Bennett, A. & Atkinson, B. Surface sampling for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in workplace outbreak settings in the UK, 2021\u201322. J. Appl. Microbiol. 134, ixad216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxad216 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"60194_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6400","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116400","volume":"19","author":"AI Raja","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raja, A. I. et al. Investigation of a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak at an automotive manufacturing site in England. Int. J. Environ. Re.s Public Health 19(11), 6400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19116400 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Re.s Public Health"},{"key":"60194_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16025-8","volume":"23","author":"A Graham","year":"2023","unstructured":"Graham, A. et al. A SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a plastics manufacturing plant. BMC Public Health 23, 1077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-16025-8 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"60194_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6806","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20196806","volume":"20","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. A COVID-19 outbreak in a large meat-processing plant in England: Transmission risk factors and controls. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 20, 6806 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"60194_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Atkinson, B. et al. An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a public-facing office in England, 2021. medRxiv, 2022.2001.2031.22269194 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.01.31.22269194","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.01.31.22269194"},{"key":"60194_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/WR8PH","author":"Y Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. COVID-19 risk questionnaire for workers - COVID-OUT study. Open Sci. Framew. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/WR8PH (2021)."},{"key":"60194_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106774","volume":"78","author":"F-Y Lan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lan, F.-Y., Suharlim, C., Kales, S. N. & Yang, J. Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection, exposure risk and mental health among a cohort of essential retail workers in the USA. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 78, 237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2020-106774 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"60194_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.08.015","volume":"67","author":"J McCambridge","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCambridge, J., Witton, J. & Elbourne, D. R. Systematic review of the Hawthorne effect: New concepts are needed to study research participation effects. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 67, 267\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.08.015 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"60194_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1097\/jom.0000000000001962","volume":"62","author":"JM Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson, J. M. et al. Job insecurity and financial concern during the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with worse mental health. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 62, 686\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jom.0000000000001962 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"60194_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e048107","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048107","volume":"11","author":"C Bell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bell, C. et al. Challenges facing essential workers: a cross-sectional survey of the subjective mental health and well-being of New Zealand healthcare and \u2018other\u2019 essential workers during the COVID-19 lockdown. BMJ Open 11, e048107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048107 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"60194_CR31","first-page":"164","volume":"3","author":"M Larsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Larsen, M., Nyrup, J. & Petersen, M. Do survey estimates of the public\u2019s compliance with COVID-19 regulations suffer from social desirability Bias?. J. Behav. Public Adm. 3(2), 164 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Behav. Public Adm."},{"key":"60194_CR32","first-page":"205","volume":"14","author":"S Munzert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Munzert, S. & Selb, P. Can we directly survey adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions?\u202f: Evidence from a list experiment conducted in Germany during the early Corona pandemic. Survey Res. Methods 14, 205\u2013209 (2020).","journal-title":"Survey Res. Methods"},{"key":"60194_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0249914","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249914","volume":"16","author":"JF Daoust","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daoust, J. F. et al. A guilt-free strategy increases self-reported non-compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures: Experimental evidence from 12 countries. PLoS One 16, e0249914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0249914 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-60194-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-60194-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-60194-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T05:03:03Z","timestamp":1714107783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-60194-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["60194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-60194-4","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"uri","id":"","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"uri","id":"","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9561"}}