{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T08:35:01Z","timestamp":1793694901133,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Seventh Framework Program for research, technological development and demonstration","award":["260260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["260260"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005690","name":"Universit\u00e4t des Saarlandes","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In contrast to acute diarrhoea, the aetiology of persistent digestive disorders (\u2265\u200914\u00a0days) is poorly understood in low-resource settings and conventional diagnostic approaches lack accuracy. In this multi-country study, we compared multiplex real-time PCR for enteric bacterial, parasitic and viral pathogens in stool samples from symptomatic patients and matched asymptomatic controls in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Mali and Nepal. Among 1826 stool samples, the prevalence of most pathogens was highest in Mali, being up to threefold higher than in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire and up to tenfold higher than in Nepal. In all settings, the most prevalent bacteria were EAEC (13.0\u201339.9%) and <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> spp. (3.9\u201335.3%). <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<jats:italic>intestinalis<\/jats:italic> was the predominant intestinal protozoon (2.9\u201320.5%), and adenovirus 40\/41 was the most frequently observed viral pathogen (6.3\u201325.1%). Significantly different prevalences between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals were observed for <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>, EIEC and ETEC in the two African sites, and for norovirus in Nepal. Multiple species pathogen infection was common in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire and Mali, but rarely found in Nepal. We observed that molecular testing detected multiple enteric pathogens and showed low discriminatory accuracy to distinguish between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Yet, multiplex PCR allowed for direct comparison between different countries and revealed considerable setting-specificity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60491-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T15:01:37Z","timestamp":1715612497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Multiplex PCR for bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens in persistent diarrhoea or persistent abdominal pain in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Mali and Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jasmin K.","family":"Jasuja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Bub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Veit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan K. M.","family":"Fofana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussa","family":"Sacko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9nion","family":"Saye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin K.","family":"Chatigre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli\u00e9zer K.","family":"N\u2019Goran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel A.","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basudha","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanika","family":"Koirala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narayan R.","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Rijal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"von M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Bottieau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Chappuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Polman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"Utzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f6ren L.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"60491_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30276-1","volume":"17","author":"GBD Collaborators","year":"2017","unstructured":"GBD Collaborators. Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect. Dis. 17, 909\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30276-1 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"60491_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30362-1","volume":"18","author":"C Troeger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Troeger, C. et al. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect. Dis. 18, 1211\u20131228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30362-1 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"60491_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12329","volume":"19","author":"A Pr\u00fcss-Ust\u00fcn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pr\u00fcss-Ust\u00fcn, A. et al. Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: A retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries. Trop. Med. Int. Health 19, 894\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.12329 (2014).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"60491_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.072","volume":"136","author":"SW Pawlowski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pawlowski, S. W., Warren, C. A. & Guerrant, R. Diagnosis and treatment of acute or persistent diarrhea. Gastroenterology 136, 1874\u20131886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.072 (2009).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"60491_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","volume":"382","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kotloff, K. L. et al. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): A prospective, case-control study. Lancet 382, 209\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2 (2013).","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"60491_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.02.016","volume":"21","author":"SL Becker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Becker, S. L. et al. Combined stool-based multiplex PCR and microscopy for enhanced pathogen detection in patients with persistent diarrhoea and asymptomatic controls from C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 21, 591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.02.016 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"60491_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3475-1","volume":"16","author":"L Carvajal-V\u00e9lez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carvajal-V\u00e9lez, L. et al. Diarrhea management in children under five in sub-Saharan Africa: Does the source of care matter? A countdown analysis. BMC Public Health 16, 830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-016-3475-1 (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"60491_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.018","volume":"22","author":"LL Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, L. L. et al. Aetiology of diarrhoeal disease and evaluation of viral-bacterial coinfection in children under 5 years old in China: A matched case-control study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 22, 381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.018 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"60491_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S232","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis753","volume":"55","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kotloff, K. L. et al. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries: Epidemiologic and clinical methods of the case\/control study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55, S232\u2013S245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cis753 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"60491_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-37","volume":"13","author":"SL Becker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Becker, S. L. et al. Persistent digestive disorders in the tropics: Causative infectious pathogens and reference diagnostic tests. BMC Infect. Dis. 13, 37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-13-37 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"60491_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004853","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004853","volume":"10","author":"M Boelaert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boelaert, M., Consortium Network. Clinical research on neglected tropical diseases: Challenges and solutions. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, e0004853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004853 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"60491_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1074-x","volume":"15","author":"K Polman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Polman, K. et al. Diagnosis of neglected tropical diseases among patients with persistent digestive disorders (diarrhoea and\/or abdominal pain \u226514 days): A multi-country, prospective, non-experimental case\u2013control study. BMC Infect. Dis. 15, 338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-015-1074-x (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"60491_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004818","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004818","volume":"10","author":"SL Becker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Becker, S. L. et al. Experiences and lessons from a multicountry NIDIAG study on persistent digestive disorders in the tropics. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, e0004818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004818 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"60491_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.01329-20","volume":"6","author":"C Marotz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marotz, C. et al. Evaluation of the effect of storage methods on fecal, saliva, and skin microbiome composition. mSystems 6, 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSystems.01329-20 (2021).","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"60491_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30276-1","volume":"17","author":"C Troeger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Troeger, C. et al. Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect. Dis. 17, 909\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30276-1 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"60491_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e255","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30045-7","volume":"6","author":"C Troeger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Troeger, C. et al. Global disability-adjusted life-year estimates of long-term health burden and undernutrition attributable to diarrhoeal diseases in children younger than 5 years. Lancet Glob. Health 6, e255\u2013e269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30045-7 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"60491_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e758","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30283-3","volume":"6","author":"IA Khalil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khalil, I. A. et al. Morbidity, mortality, and long-term consequences associated with diarrhoea from Cryptosporidium infection in children younger than 5 years: A meta-analyses study. Lancet Glob. Health 6, e758\u2013e768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30283-3 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"60491_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30401-3","volume":"20","author":"CE Troeger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Troeger, C. E. et al. Quantifying risks and interventions that have affected the burden of diarrhoea among children younger than 5 years: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Infect. Dis. 20, 37\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30401-3 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"60491_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30114-8","volume":"395","author":"RC Reiner Jr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reiner, R. C. Jr. et al. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000\u201317: Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 395, 1779\u20131801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30114-8 (2020).","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"60491_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.11.012","volume":"113","author":"CH King","year":"2010","unstructured":"King, C. H. Parasites and poverty: The case of schistosomiasis. Acta Trop. 113, 95\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.11.012 (2010).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"60491_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006322","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006322","volume":"12","author":"S Kang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kang, S., Damania, A., Majid, M. F. & Hotez, P. J. Extending the global worm index and its links to human development and child education. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 12, e0006322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006322 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"60491_CR22","unstructured":"United Nations. Human Development Report 2019. http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/content\/table-1-human-development-index-and-its-components-1 (2019)."},{"key":"60491_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1309","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30349-8","volume":"6","author":"JA Platts-Mills","year":"2018","unstructured":"Platts-Mills, J. A. et al. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to assess the aetiology, burden, and clinical characteristics of diarrhoea in children in low-resource settings: A reanalysis of the MAL-ED cohort study. Lancet Glob. Health 6, e1309\u2013e1318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30349-8 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"60491_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00151-5","volume":"3","author":"JA Platts-Mills","year":"2015","unstructured":"Platts-Mills, J. A. et al. Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: A multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED). Lancet Glob. Health 3, e564\u2013e575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00151-5 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"60491_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00004-07","volume":"20","author":"R Fotedar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fotedar, R. et al. Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 20, 511\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00004-07 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"60491_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R76","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-6-r76","volume":"15","author":"M Pop","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pop, M. et al. Diarrhea in young children from low-income countries leads to large-scale alterations in intestinal microbiota composition. Genome Biol. 15, R76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/gb-2014-15-6-r76 (2014).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"60491_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad044","volume":"76","author":"MJ Hossain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hossain, M. J. et al. Clinical and epidemiologic features of Cryptosporidium-associated diarrheal disease among young children living in sub-Saharan Africa: The vaccine impact on diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 76, S97\u2013S105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciad044 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"60491_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.7833","volume":"315","author":"HL DuPont","year":"2016","unstructured":"DuPont, H. L. Persistent diarrhea: A clinical review. JAMA 315, 2712\u20132723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.7833 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"60491_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad022","volume":"76","author":"AG Buchwald","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buchwald, A. G. et al. Etiology, presentation, and risk factors for diarrheal syndromes in 3 sub-Saharan African countries after the introduction of rotavirus vaccines from the vaccine impact on diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 76, S12\u2013S22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciad022 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"60491_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.12.014","volume":"167","author":"RN Incani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Incani, R. N. et al. Diagnosis of intestinal parasites in a rural community of Venezuela: Advantages and disadvantages of using microscopy or RT-PCR. Acta Trop. 167, 64\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.12.014 (2017).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"60491_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac011","volume":"29","author":"S Gefen-Halevi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gefen-Halevi, S. et al. Persistent abdominal symptoms in returning travellers: Clinical and molecular findings. J. Travel Med. 29, 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jtm\/taac011 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"60491_CR32","first-page":"9","volume":"26","author":"PK Bardhan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bardhan, P. K. et al. Small bowel and fecal microbiology in children suffering from persistent diarrhea in Bangladesh. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 26, 9\u201315 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"60491_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-88","volume":"9","author":"K Abba","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abba, K., Sinfield, R., Hart, C. A. & Garner, P. Pathogens associated with persistent diarrhoea in children in low and middle income countries: Systematic review. BMC Infect. Dis. 9, 88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-9-88 (2009).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"60491_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13873","volume":"19","author":"SA Sarker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sarker, S. A., Ahmed, T. & Br\u00fcssow, H. Persistent diarrhea: A persistent infection with enteropathogens or a gut commensal dysbiosis? Environ. Microbiol. 19, 3789\u20133801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1462-2920.13873 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"60491_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1319","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30351-6","volume":"6","author":"ET Rogawski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rogawski, E. T. et al. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to investigate the effect of enteropathogen infections on linear growth in children in low-resource settings: Longitudinal analysis of results from the MAL-ED cohort study. Lancet Glob. Health 6, e1319\u2013e1328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30351-6 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"60491_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13291","volume":"24","author":"M Zangenberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zangenberg, M. et al. Prolonged and persistent diarrhoea is not restricted to children with acute malnutrition: An observational study in Ethiopia. Trop. Med. Int. Health 24, 1088\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.13291 (2019).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"60491_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53569-5","volume":"9","author":"PHH Schneeberger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schneeberger, P. H. H. et al. Qualitative microbiome profiling along a wastewater system in Kampala, Uganda. Sci. Rep. 9, 17334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-53569-5 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-60491-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-60491-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-60491-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T15:04:57Z","timestamp":1715612697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-60491-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["60491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-60491-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests. The reagents for the Stratagene Mx3005P multiplex real-time PCR and the specific fluorescent-based detection system (MxPro QPCR Software) were provided free of charge by the company R-Biopharm (Darmstadt, Germany). The funders and R-Biopharm had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10926"}}