{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:17:41Z","timestamp":1793744261065,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014729","name":"Philip Morris International","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014729","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>How nicotine is administered has evolved from cigarettes to various delivery systems. Assessing perceived dependence on nicotine-containing products now requires accounting for product specificity while allowing comparisons across products and users. This study aims to develop a new self-report measure to assess perceived dependence on tobacco and nicotine products (TNPs) among exclusive and poly-TNP users. A draft version of the new measure, the ABOUT-Dependence, was constructed based on literature review, qualitative research, and expert opinion. Data for scale formation and psychometric assessment was obtained through a US-based web survey (n\u2009=\u20092334) that included additional dependence measures for convergent validity assessment. Qualitative research confirmed a preliminary conceptual framework with seven sub-concepts. Following a cognitive debriefing, 19 items were considered to best represent the different sub-concepts. Psychometric findings supported a three-domain structure [i.e., behavioral impact (five items), signs and symptoms (five items), and extent\/timing of use (two items)] and an overall total composite score. The data confirmed convergent and known-group validity, as well as test\u2013retest reliability. The ABOUT-Dependence is a 12-item, psychometrically sound, self-report measure that may be used as a tool for research and further understanding of perceived dependence across the spectrum of TNP and TNP users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60790-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T11:02:03Z","timestamp":1714647723000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Development and initial validation of a new self-report measure to assess perceived dependence on tobacco and nicotine products"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Esther F.","family":"Afolalu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Salzberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Abetz-Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Weitkunat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jed E.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Chrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"60790_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts007","volume":"14","author":"K Fagerstr\u00f6m","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fagerstr\u00f6m, K. & Eissenberg, T. Dependence on tobacco and nicotine products: A case for product-specific assessment. Nicotine Tob. Res. 14, 1382\u20131390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/nts007 (2012).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"60790_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.040","volume":"152","author":"DR Strong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Strong, D. R. et al. Measurement of multiple nicotine dependence domains among cigarette, non-cigarette and poly-tobacco users: Insights from item response theory. Drug Alcohol Depend. 152, 185\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.040 (2015).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"60790_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081609","author":"K Fagerstr\u00f6m","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fagerstr\u00f6m, K. A comparison of dependence across different types of nicotine containing products and coffee. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15081609 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"60790_CR4","unstructured":"Halpern-Felsher, B., Kim, H. & Weaver, S. What do we need to develop better measures of e-cigarette use, dependence, perceptions and policy? Transdisciplinary Topical Discussions #4. In 23rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine & Tobacco (2017)."},{"key":"60790_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision <https:\/\/www.who.int\/classifications\/icd\/ICD10Volume2_en_2010.pdf> (2010)."},{"key":"60790_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2013).","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"60790_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300030","volume":"28","author":"JF Etter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Etter, J. F., Le Houezec, J. & Perneger, T. V. A self-administered questionnaire to measure dependence on cigarettes: The cigarette dependence scale. Neuropsychopharmacology 28, 359\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.npp.1300030 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"60790_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220042000202481","volume":"6","author":"S Shiffman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shiffman, S., Waters, A. & Hickcox, M. The nicotine dependence syndrome scale: A multidimensional measure of nicotine dependence. Nicotine Tob. Res. 6, 327\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1462220042000202481 (2004).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"60790_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200412331328394","volume":"7","author":"RJ Wellman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wellman, R. J. et al. Measuring adults\u2019 loss of autonomy over nicotine use: The hooked on nicotine checklist. Nicotine Tob. Res. 7, 157\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14622200412331328394 (2005).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"60790_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006x.72.2.139","volume":"72","author":"ME Piper","year":"2004","unstructured":"Piper, M. E. et al. A multiple motives approach to tobacco dependence: The Wisconsin inventory of smoking dependence motives (WISDM-68). J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 72, 139\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006x.72.2.139 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"60790_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S190","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu032","volume":"16","author":"WG Shadel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shadel, W. G. et al. Development of the PROMIS nicotine dependence item banks. Nicotine Tob. Res. 16(Suppl 3), S190-201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntu032 (2014).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"60790_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","volume":"86","author":"TF Heatherton","year":"1991","unstructured":"Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C. & Fagerstr\u00f6m, K. O. The Fagerstr\u00f6m test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fagerstr\u00f6m tolerance questionnaire. Br. J. Addict. 86, 1119\u20131127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x (1991).","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"key":"60790_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntr137","volume":"14","author":"K Fagerstr\u00f6m","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fagerstr\u00f6m, K. Determinants of tobacco use and renaming the FTND to the Fagerstrom test for cigarette dependence. Nicotine Tob. Res. 14, 75\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntr137 (2012).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"60790_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(78)90024-2","volume":"3","author":"K Fagerstr\u00f6m","year":"1978","unstructured":"Fagerstr\u00f6m, K. Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment. Addict. Behav. 3, 235\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0306-4603(78)90024-2 (1978).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"60790_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(95)00013-3","volume":"20","author":"RG Boyle","year":"1995","unstructured":"Boyle, R. G., Jensen, J., Hatsukami, D. K. & Severson, H. H. Measuring dependence in smokeless tobacco users. Addict. Behav. 20, 443\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0306-4603(95)00013-3 (1995).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"60790_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.06.011","volume":"37","author":"JO Ebbert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ebbert, J. O., Severson, H. H., Danaher, B. G., Schroeder, D. R. & Glover, E. D. A comparison of three smokeless tobacco dependence measures. Addict. Behav. 37, 1271\u20131277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.06.011 (2012).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"60790_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.11.016","volume":"39","author":"N Mushtaq","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mushtaq, N., Beebe, L. A., Vesely, S. K. & Neas, B. R. A multiple motive\/multi-dimensional approach to measure smokeless tobacco dependence. Addict. Behav. 39, 622\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.11.016 (2014).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"60790_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu204","volume":"17","author":"J Foulds","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foulds, J. et al. Development of a questionnaire for assessing dependence on electronic cigarettes among a large sample of ex-smoking E-cigarette users. Nicotine Tob. Res. 17, 186\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntu204 (2015).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"60790_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701767753","volume":"10","author":"P Salameh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Salameh, P., Waked, M. & Aoun, Z. Waterpipe smoking: Construction and validation of the Lebanon Waterpipe dependence scale (LWDS-11). Nicotine Tob. Res. 10, 149\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14622200701767753 (2008).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"60790_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.003","volume":"139","author":"IT Agaku","year":"2014","unstructured":"Agaku, I. T. et al. Poly-tobacco use among adults in 44 countries during 2008\u20132012: Evidence for an integrative and comprehensive approach in tobacco control. Drug Alcohol Depend. 139, 60\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.003 (2014).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"60790_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054625","volume":"29","author":"A Petersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Petersen, A., Myers, M. G., Tully, L., Brikmanis, K. & Doran, N. Polytobacco use among young adult smokers: Prospective association with cigarette consumption. Tob. Control 29, 43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054625 (2020).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"60790_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.010","volume":"178","author":"DR Strong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Strong, D. R. et al. Indicators of dependence for different types of tobacco product users: Descriptive findings from wave 1 (2013\u20132014) of the population assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 178, 257\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.010 (2017).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"60790_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S88","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty050","volume":"20","author":"HY Sung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sung, H. Y., Wang, Y., Yao, T., Lightwood, J. & Max, W. Polytobacco use and nicotine dependence symptoms among US adults, 2012\u20132014. Nicotine Tob. Res. 20, S88-s98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/nty050 (2018).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"60790_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2011.06.014","volume":"14","author":"DL Patrick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patrick, D. L. et al. Content validity\u2013establishing and reporting the evidence in newly developed patient-reported outcomes (PRO) instruments for medical product evaluation: ISPOR PRO good research practices task force report\u2014Part 1\u2013eliciting concepts for a new PRO instrument. Value Health 14, 967\u2013977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2011.06.014 (2011).","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"60790_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2011.06.013","volume":"14","author":"DL Patrick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patrick, D. L. et al. Content validity\u2013establishing and reporting the evidence in newly developed patient-reported outcomes (PRO) instruments for medical product evaluation: ISPOR PRO good research practices task force report\u2014Part 2\u2013assessing respondent understanding. Value Health 14, 978\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2011.06.013 (2011).","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"60790_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.06.027","volume":"87","author":"M Morean","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morean, M., Krishnan-Sarin, S. & O\u2019Malley, S. S. Comparing cigarette and e-cigarette dependence and predicting frequency of smoking and e-cigarette use in dual-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Addict. Behav. 87, 92\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.06.027 (2018).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"60790_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16810.1","author":"C Chrea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chrea, C. et al. Developing fit-for-purpose self-report instruments for assessing consumer responses to tobacco and nicotine products: The ABOUT? Toolbox initiative. F1000Res https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.16810.1 (2018).","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"60790_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.012","volume":"108","author":"TD Saha","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saha, T. D. et al. Dimensionality of DSM-IV nicotine dependence in a national sample: An item response theory application. Drug Alcohol Depend. 108, 21\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.012 (2010).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"60790_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02603.x","volume":"104","author":"DB Kandel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kandel, D. B., Hu, M. C. & Yamaguchi, K. Sequencing of DSM-IV criteria of nicotine dependence. Addiction 104, 1393\u20131402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02603.x (2009).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"60790_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013","volume":"35","author":"J DiFranza","year":"2010","unstructured":"DiFranza, J. et al. A systematic review of the diagnostic and statistical manual diagnostic criteria for nicotine dependence. Addict. Behav. 35, 373\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.013 (2010).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"60790_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03657.x","volume":"107","author":"TB Baker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baker, T. B., Breslau, N., Covey, L. & Shiffman, S. DSM criteria for tobacco use disorder and tobacco withdrawal: A critique and proposed revisions for DSM-5. Addiction 107, 263\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03657.x (2012).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"60790_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1074-4","volume":"16","author":"JR DiFranza","year":"2016","unstructured":"DiFranza, J. R. Can tobacco dependence provide insights into other drug addictions?. BMC Psychiatry 16, 365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-016-1074-4 (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"60790_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4603(03)00089-3","volume":"29","author":"MH Breteler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Breteler, M. H., Hilberink, S. R., Zeeman, G. & Lammers, S. M. Compulsive smoking: The development of a Rasch homogeneous scale of nicotine dependence. Addict. Behav. 29, 199\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0306-4603(03)00089-3 (2004).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"60790_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220031000158672","volume":"5","author":"KS Hudmon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hudmon, K. S. et al. A multidimensional model for characterizing tobacco dependence. Nicotine Tob. Res. 5, 655\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1462220031000158672 (2003).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"60790_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017439","volume":"23","author":"JR DiFranza","year":"2009","unstructured":"DiFranza, J. R., Wellman, R. J., Ursprung, W. W. & Sabiston, C. The autonomy over smoking scale. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 23, 656\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0017439 (2009).","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"60790_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.11.002","volume":"32","author":"CG Richardson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Richardson, C. G. et al. Validation of the dimensions of tobacco dependence scale for adolescents. Addict. Behav. 32, 1498\u20131504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.11.002 (2007).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"60790_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.5555\/ajhb.2005.29.5.443","volume":"29","author":"ED Glover","year":"2005","unstructured":"Glover, E. D. et al. Developmental history of the Glover-Nilsson smoking behavioral questionnaire. Am. J. Health Behav. 29, 443\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5555\/ajhb.2005.29.5.443 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Behav."},{"key":"60790_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.7888\/juoeh.28.45","volume":"28","author":"C Yoshii","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yoshii, C. et al. Innovative questionnaire examining psychological nicotine dependence, \u201cthe Kano test for social nicotine dependence (KTSND)\u201d. J UOEH 28, 45\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7888\/juoeh.28.45 (2006).","journal-title":"J UOEH"},{"key":"60790_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800030107013","volume":"43","author":"JR Hughes","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hughes, J. R. & Hatsukami, D. Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 43, 289\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800030107013 (1986).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"60790_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(96)00048-2","volume":"21","author":"AV Prokhorov","year":"1996","unstructured":"Prokhorov, A. V., Pallonen, U. E., Fava, J. L., Ding, L. & Niaura, R. Measuring nicotine dependence among high-risk adolescent smokers. Addict. Behav. 21, 117\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0306-4603(96)00048-2 (1996).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"60790_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.11.4.354","volume":"11","author":"J O'Loughlin","year":"2002","unstructured":"O\u2019Loughlin, J. et al. Assessment of nicotine dependence symptoms in adolescents: A comparison of five indicators. Tob. Control 11, 354\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tc.11.4.354 (2002).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"issue":"Suppl 56","key":"60790_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.56.12_suppl.21","volume":"56","author":"D Horn","year":"1966","unstructured":"Horn, D. & Waingrow, S. Some dimensions of a model for smoking behavior change. Am. J. Public Health Nations Health 56(Suppl 56), 21\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.56.12_suppl.21 (1966).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health Nations Health"},{"key":"60790_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199411)50:6<918::aid-jclp2270500617>3.0.co;2-6","volume":"50","author":"LJ Davis Jr","year":"1994","unstructured":"Davis, L. J. Jr. et al. Self-administered nicotine-dependence scale (SANDS): Item selection, reliability estimation, and initial validation. J. Clin. Psychol. 50, 918\u2013930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-4679(199411)50:6%3c918::aid-jclp2270500617%3e3.0.co;2-6 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"60790_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220031000158681","volume":"5","author":"SJ Heishman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heishman, S. J., Singleton, E. G. & Moolchan, E. T. Tobacco craving questionnaire: Reliability and validity of a new multifactorial instrument. Nicotine Tob. Res. 5, 645\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1462220031000158681 (2003).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"60790_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4603(98)00127-0","volume":"24","author":"N Kawakami","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kawakami, N., Takatsuka, N., Inaba, S. & Shimizu, H. Development of a screening questionnaire for tobacco\/nicotine dependence according to ICD-10, DSM-III-R, and DSM-IV. Addict. Behav. 24, 155\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0306-4603(98)00127-0 (1999).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"60790_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq032","volume":"12","author":"SS Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smith, S. S. et al. Development of the brief Wisconsin inventory of smoking dependence motives. Nicotine Tob. Res. 12, 489\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntq032 (2010).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"60790_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.01.009","volume":"38","author":"P Salameh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Salameh, P. et al. The young adults\u2019 cigarette dependence (YACD) score: An improved tool for cigarette dependence assessment in university students. Addict. Behav. 38, 2174\u20132179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.01.009 (2013).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"60790_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3109\/10826086909062040","volume":"4","author":"FF Ikard","year":"1969","unstructured":"Ikard, F. F., Green, D. E. & Horn, D. A scale to differentiate between types of smoking as related to the management of affect. Int. J. Addict. 4, 649\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10826086909062040 (1969).","journal-title":"Int. J. Addict."},{"key":"60790_CR49","first-page":"129","volume":"261","author":"P T\u00f8nnesen","year":"1988","unstructured":"T\u00f8nnesen, P. Dose and nicotine dependence as determinants of nicotine gum efficacy. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 261, 129\u2013144 (1988).","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biol. Res."},{"key":"60790_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200801908174","volume":"10","author":"SJ Heishman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Heishman, S. J., Singleton, E. G. & Pickworth, W. B. Reliability and validity of a short form of the tobacco craving questionnaire. Nicotine Tob. Res. 10, 643\u2013651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14622200801908174 (2008).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"60790_CR51","unstructured":"Akers, L., Severson, H. H., Yovanoff, P. & Boles, S. M. Oregon Research Institute Tobacco Workgroup Technical Report: Using Item Response Theory to Develop Models of Smokeless Tobacco Dependence (Oregon Research Institute, 2011)."},{"key":"60790_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2307\/2344953","volume":"137","author":"MAH Russell","year":"1974","unstructured":"Russell, M. A. H., Peto, J. & Patel, U. A. The classification of smoking by factorial structure of motives. R. Stat. Soc. J. Ser. A Gen. 137, 313\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2344953 (1974).","journal-title":"R. Stat. Soc. J. Ser. A Gen."},{"key":"60790_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-052934","volume":"26","author":"A Hyland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hyland, A. et al. Design and methods of the population assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study. Tob. Control 26, 371\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-052934 (2017).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"60790_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00185.x","volume":"97","author":"WHO Assist Working Group","year":"2002","unstructured":"WHO Assist Working Group. The alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST): Development, reliability and feasibility. Addiction 97, 1183\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00185.x (2002).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"60790_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/s0376-8716(03)00070-x","volume":"71","author":"BF Grant","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grant, B. F. et al. The alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV): Reliability of alcohol consumption, tobacco use, family history of depression and psychiatric diagnostic modules in a general population sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 71, 7\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0376-8716(03)00070-x (2003).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"60790_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.9.810","volume":"58","author":"N Breslau","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breslau, N., Johnson, E. O., Hiripi, E. & Kessler, R. Nicotine dependence in the United States: Prevalence, trends, and smoking persistence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 58, 810\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.58.9.810 (2001).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"60790_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106402","volume":"107","author":"PD Dobbs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dobbs, P. D., Hodges, E. J., Dunlap, C. M. & Cheney, M. K. Addiction vs. dependence: A mixed methods analysis of young adult JUUL users. Addict. Behav. 107, 106402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106402 (2020).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"60790_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294627","volume":"54","author":"TA Warm","year":"1989","unstructured":"Warm, T. A. Weighted likelihood estimation of ability in item response theory. Psychometrika 54, 427\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02294627 (1989).","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"60790_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324818ame0104_7","volume":"1","author":"D Andrich","year":"1988","unstructured":"Andrich, D. A general form of Rasch\u2019s extended logistic model for partial credit scoring. Appl. Meas. Educ. 1, 363\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15324818ame0104_7 (1988).","journal-title":"Appl. Meas. Educ."},{"key":"60790_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02293814","volume":"43","author":"D Andrich","year":"1978","unstructured":"Andrich, D. A rating formulation for ordered response categories. Psychometrika 43, 561\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02293814 (1978).","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"60790_CR61","unstructured":"Mapi Research Trust. ABOUT\u2122\u2014Dependence. <https:\/\/eprovide.mapi-trust.org\/instruments\/about-dependence> (2023)."},{"key":"60790_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.109593","volume":"181","author":"T Salzberger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salzberger, T. et al. Addressing traceability of self-reported dependence measurement through the use of crosswalks. Measurement 181, 109593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.109593 (2021).","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"60790_CR63","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Guidance for Industry\u2014Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: Use in Medical Product Development to Support Labelling Claims (Silver Spring, 2009)."},{"key":"60790_CR64","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. QuickFacts United States. <https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/fact\/table\/US\/PST045223> (2024)."},{"key":"60790_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108134","volume":"214","author":"DR Strong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Strong, D. R. et al. Predictive validity of the adult tobacco dependence index: Findings from waves 1 and 2 of the population assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 214, 108134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108134 (2020).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"60790_CR66","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for Controlling and Monitoring the Tobacco Epidemic (World Health Organization, 1998)."},{"key":"60790_CR67","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Adult Tobacco Use Information <https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhis\/tobacco\/tobacco_glossary.htm> (2017)."},{"key":"60790_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1177\/104973239300300403","volume":"3","author":"ME Fonteyn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fonteyn, M. E., Kuipers, B. & Grobe, S. J. A description of think aloud method and protocol analysis. Qual. Health Res. 3, 430\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/104973239300300403 (1993).","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"60790_CR69","volume-title":"Cognitive interviewing a tool for improving questionnaire design","author":"GB Willis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Willis, G. B. Cognitive interviewing a tool for improving questionnaire design (Sage Publications, Inc, 2004)."},{"key":"60790_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6570-y","volume":"259","author":"JC Hobart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hobart, J. C., Cano, S. J., Warner, T. T. & Thompson, A. J. What sample sizes for reliability and validity studies in neurology?. J. Neurol. 259, 2681\u20132694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-012-6570-y (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"60790_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-7496-8","volume-title":"A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory: Measuring in the Educational, Social and Health Sciences","author":"D Andrich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andrich, D. & Marais, I. A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory: Measuring in the Educational, Social and Health Sciences (Springer Singapore, 2019)."},{"key":"60790_CR72","volume-title":"Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores","author":"FM Lord","year":"1968","unstructured":"Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R. & Birnbaum, A. Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores (Addison-Wesley, 1968)."},{"key":"60790_CR73","unstructured":"Rasch Unidimensional Measurement Models. Computer software (RUMM Laboratory Perth, 2012)."},{"key":"60790_CR74","unstructured":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows Version 21.0. (IBM Corp. 2012)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-60790-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-60790-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-60790-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T11:05:16Z","timestamp":1714647916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-60790-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["60790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-60790-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare the following financial interests\/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: EA and CC are employees of Philip Morris Products S.A. RW was a former employee of and completed the work during prior affiliation with Philip Morris Products S.A. LAW, SC, TS, and JR were contracted and paid by Philip Morris Products S.A. to consult on the research.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10098"}}