{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:48:59Z","timestamp":1789080539815,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716595200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Centre Egypt"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hydatidosis causes a serious health hazard to humans and animals leading to significant economic and veterinary and public health concern worldwide. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and ex vivo protoscolicidal effects of synthesized poly(amidoamine), PAMAM, nanoemulsion. In this study, PAMAM was characterized through dynamic light scattering technique to investigate the particle size and zeta potential of nanoemulsified polymer. For the in vitro and ex vivo assays, we used eosin dye exclusion test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to evaluate the effects of the prepared and characterized PAMAM nanoemulsion against protoscoleces from\n                    <jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu lato G6 (GenBank: OQ443068.1) isolated from livers of naturally infected camels. Various concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg\/mL) of PAMAM nanoemulsion at different exposure times (5, 10, 20 and 30 min) were tested against protoscolices. Our findings showed that PAMAM nanoemulsion had considerable concentration- and time-dependent protoscolicidal effect at both in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Regarding in vitro assay, PAMAM nanoemulsion had a potent protoscolicidal effect when compared with the control group with a highest protoscolicidal activity observed at the concentration of 2 mg\/mL at all exposure times, such that 100% of protoscolices were killed after 20 min of exposure. Also, the mortality of protoscolices was 100% after 30 min of exposure to 1 and 1.5 mg\/mL of PAMAM nanoemulsion, in vitro. Concerning ex vivo assay PAMAM nanoemulsion recorded the highest mortality rates at the concentration of 2 mg\/mL (55, 99.4 and 100% at 10, 20, 30 min, respectively). Ultrastructure examination of examined protoscolices after 20 min of exposure to PAMAM nanoemulsion showed a complete loss of rostellar hooks, disruption of suckers with disorganization of hooks with partial or complete loss of them, and damage of protoscolices tegument with loss of their integrity in the form of holes and contraction of the soma region were observed in 1.5 and 2 mg\/mL of PAMAM, in vitro and ex vivo\n                    <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                    showing more damage in the in vitro conditions. It can be concluded that PAMAM nanoemulsion is a promising protoscolicidal agent offering a high protoscolicidal effect at a short exposure time. Further in vivo studies and preclinical animal trials are required to evaluate its efficacy and clinical applications against hydatid cysts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62015-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T02:01:39Z","timestamp":1716602499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["In vitro and ex vivo protoscolicidal effect of poly(amidoamine) nanoemulsion against Echinococcus granulosus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2581-6503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Aboelsoued","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9718-5130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagwa I.","family":"Toaleb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2098-6463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2509-3832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saber","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"62015_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i13.1448","volume":"18","author":"G Nunnari","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nunnari, G. et al. Hepatic echinococcosis: Clinical and therapeutic aspects. World J. Gastroenterol. 18(13), 1448\u20131458 (2012).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"3","key":"62015_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02420-15","volume":"54","author":"NI Agudelo Higuita","year":"2016","unstructured":"Agudelo Higuita, N. I., Brunetti, E. & McCloskey, C. Cystic echinococcosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 54(3), 518\u2013523 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"62015_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2018.10.032","volume":"36","author":"N Bhutani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhutani, N. & Kajal, P. Hepatic echinococcosis: A review. Ann. Med. Surg. (Lond.) 36, 99\u2013105 (2018).","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg. (Lond.)"},{"issue":"3","key":"62015_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00348-w","volume":"66","author":"AD Moudgil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moudgil, A. D. et al. Phylogenetics and pathology of hydatid disease in slaughtered buffaloes of North India. Acta Parasitol. 66(3), 899\u2013906 (2021).","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"62015_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.107-135.2004","volume":"17","author":"J Eckert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eckert, J. & Deplazes, P. Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17(1), 107\u2013135 (2004).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"62015_CR6","first-page":"332","volume":"12","author":"Z Tasawar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tasawar, Z., Naz, F. & Lashari, M. H. The prevalence of hydatidosis in sheep and buffaloes at Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Glob. Vet. 12(3), 332\u2013335 (2014).","journal-title":"Glob. Vet."},{"key":"62015_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.08.008","volume":"44","author":"CA Alvarez Rojas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alvarez Rojas, C. A., Romig, T. & Lightowlers, M. W. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes infecting humans\u2014Review of current knowledge. Int. J. Parasitol. 44, 9\u201318 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"62015_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.07.028","volume":"213","author":"P Craig","year":"2015","unstructured":"Craig, P., Mastin, A., van Kesteren, F. & Boufana, B. Echinococcus granulosus: Epidemiology and state-of-the-art of diagnostics in animals. Vet. Parasitol. 213(3\u20134), 132\u2013148 (2015).","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"62015_CR9","first-page":"2346","volume":"21","author":"G Mesfin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mesfin, G. & Mekonnen, A. Causes of liver and lung condemnation among apparently healthy slaughtered sheep and goats at Luna abattoir, Modjo, Ethiopia. Middle-East J. Sci. Res. 21(1), 2346\u20132351 (2014).","journal-title":"Middle-East J. Sci. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"62015_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.803","volume":"8","author":"DM Jwher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jwher, D. M., Dahl, M. O., Saeed, S. I. & Abdalazeez, A. M. Health and economic burden of pathological lesions in livers and lungs of slaughtered sheep at Mosul Abattoir, Iraq. Vet. Med. Sci. 8(4), 1650\u20131654 (2022).","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"62015_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08937-y","volume":"24","author":"A Trigui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Trigui, A. et al. Viability predictive factors of the daughter vesicles in hepatic cystic echinococcosis. BMC Infect. Dis. 24(1), 43 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"62015_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.09.002","volume":"96","author":"PS Craig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Craig, P. S., Hegglin, D., Lightowlers, M. W., Torgerson, P. R. & Wang, Q. Chapter 2\u2014Echinococcosis: Control and prevention. Adv. Parasitol. 96, 55\u2013158 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"issue":"10","key":"62015_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240456","volume":"15","author":"R Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali, R. et al. A systematic review of medicinal plants used against Echinococcus granulosus. PLoS ONE. 15(10), e0240456 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"62015_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.09.013","volume":"176","author":"MH Kohansal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kohansal, M. H. et al. Natural products applied against hydatid cyst protoscolices: A review of past to present. Acta Trop. 176, 385\u2013394 (2017).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"issue":"1","key":"62015_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-03927-8","volume":"23","author":"A Teimouri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teimouri, A. et al. Protoscolicidal effects of curcumin nanoemulsion against protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 23(1), 124 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"62015_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00075","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00075-18","volume":"32","author":"H Wen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wen, H. et al. Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st century. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 32(2), e00075-e118 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"62015_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111257","volume":"136","author":"F Ezzatkhah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ezzatkhah, F., Khalaf, A. K. & Mahmoudvand, H. Copper nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, characterization, and protoscolicidal effects alone and combined with albendazole against hydatid cyst protoscoleces. Biomed. Pharmacother. 136, 111257 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"62015_CR18","unstructured":"Ya-Min, G., Wen-Jun, Z., Shun-Yun, Z., Xiu-Min, H. & Zheng-Guang, X. Surgical treatment strategy for complex hepatic echinococcosis: A review. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi. 30(6), 705\u2013708 (Chinese) (2018)."},{"key":"62015_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.3390\/su10040913","volume":"10","author":"MR Shaik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shaik, M. R. et al. Plant-extract-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Origanum vulgare L. extract and their microbicidal activities. Sustainability. 10, 913 (2018).","journal-title":"Sustainability."},{"issue":"11","key":"62015_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8110494","volume":"8","author":"S Sadr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sadr, S. et al. Challenges and prospective of enhancing hydatid cyst chemotherapy by nanotechnology and the future of nanobiosensors for diagnosis. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 8(11), 494 (2023).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"62015_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2018.06.005","volume":"257","author":"LJ Fox","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fox, L. J., Richardson, R. M. & Briscoe, W. H. PAMAM dendrimer-cell membrane interactions. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 257, 1\u201318 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"62015_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22101581","volume":"22","author":"S Garcia-Gallego","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garcia-Gallego, S. et al. Function oriented molecular design: Dendrimers as novel antimicrobials. Molecules. 22, 1581 (2017).","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"issue":"4","key":"62015_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.12.012","volume":"53","author":"AM Holmes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holmes, A. M., Heylings, J. R., Wan, K. W. & Moss, G. P. Antimicrobial efficacy and mechanism of action of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers against opportunistic pathogens. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 53(4), 500\u2013507 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents."},{"issue":"4","key":"62015_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02040","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02040-19","volume":"64","author":"F Ben Jeddou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ben Jeddou, F. et al. Adaptive and mutational responses to peptide dendrimer antimicrobials in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 64(4), e02040-e2119 (2020).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"6","key":"62015_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25061389","volume":"25","author":"SW Svenningsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Svenningsen, S. W. et al. Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of a Ciprofloxacin and PAMAM-dendrimer conjugate. Molecules. 25(6), 1389 (2020).","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"issue":"1","key":"62015_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2513-7","volume":"17","author":"M Gholami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gholami, M. et al. In vitro antibacterial activity of poly (amidoamine)-G7 dendrimer. BMC Infect. Dis. 17(1), 395 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"29","key":"62015_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4133","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1600299113","volume":"113","author":"JS Chahal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chahal, J. S. et al. Dendrimer-RNA nanoparticles generate protective immunity against lethal Ebola, H1N1 influenza, and Toxoplasma gondii challenges with a single dose. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113(29), E4133\u2013E4142 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"62015_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030343","volume":"13","author":"V Folliero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Folliero, V. et al. Application of dendrimers for treating parasitic diseases. Pharmaceutics. 13(3), 343 (2021).","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics."},{"key":"62015_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.01.056","volume":"86","author":"L Ju\u00e1rez-Ch\u00e1vez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ju\u00e1rez-Ch\u00e1vez, L. et al. In vitro activity of steroidal dendrimers on Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote form with PAMAM dendrons modified by \u201cclick\u201d chemistry. Bioorg. Chem. 86, 452\u2013458 (2019).","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"62015_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113304","volume":"26","author":"N Filipczak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Filipczak, N., Yalamarty, S. S. K., Li, X., Parveen, F. & Torchilin, V. Developments in treatment methodologies using dendrimers for infectious diseases. Molecules. 26(11), 3304 (2021).","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"62015_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-6-14","volume":"6","author":"E Jacchetti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jacchetti, E. et al. Biomimetic poly(amidoamine) hydrogels as synthetic materials for cell culture. J. Nanobiotechnol. 6, 14 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"9","key":"62015_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23092205","volume":"23","author":"Z Mhlwatika","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mhlwatika, Z. & Aderibigbe, B. A. Application of dendrimers for the treatment of infectious diseases. Molecules. 23(9), 2205 (2018).","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"62015_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, A. Fernandes, A.R. & Baptista P.V., Nanoparticles as delivery systems in cancer therapy, in Applications of Targeted Nano Drugs and Delivery Systems, pp. 257\u2013295, Elsevier. (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814029-1.00010-7"},{"issue":"2012","key":"62015_CR34","first-page":"281","volume":"37","author":"A Mu\u00f1oz-Bonilla","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Bonilla, A. & Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda, M. Polymeric materials with antimicrobial activity. Prog. Polym. Sci. 37(2012), 281\u2013339 (2011).","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"62015_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/08927057231169902","volume":"37","author":"ES Fathy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fathy, E. S., Ibrahim, S., Elnaggar, M. Y., Fahmy, H. & Lotfy, S. Polypropylene based bio-composites for packaging materials: Physico-mechanical impacts of prepared hyper-branched polyamidoamine and gamma-irradiation. J. Thermoplastic Composite Mater. 37(1), 66\u201383 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Thermoplastic Composite Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"62015_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2018.10.007","volume":"31","author":"S Ibrahim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ibrahim, S., ElSaied, H. & Hasanin, M. Active paper packaging material based on antimicrobial conjugated nano-polymer\/amino acid as edible coating. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 31(4), 1095\u20131102 (2019).","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"62015_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8080400","volume":"8","author":"NI Toaleb","year":"2023","unstructured":"Toaleb, N. I., Aboelsoued, D., Abdel Megeed, K. N. & Hekal, S. H. A. A novel designed sandwich ELISA for the detection of Echinococcus granulosus antigen in camels for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 8(8), 400 (2023).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"62015_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.05.043","volume":"19","author":"MT Rahimi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rahimi, M. T. et al. Scolicidal activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices. Int. J. Surg. 19, 128\u2013133 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"62015_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X0720731X","volume":"81","author":"A Daryani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Daryani, A. et al. The prevalence, intensity and viability of hydatid cysts in slaughtered animals in the Ardabil province of Northwest Iran. J. Helminthol. 81(1), 13\u201317 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"62015_CR40","first-page":"59","volume":"2","author":"NN Baqer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baqer, N. N., Khuder, M. H. & Amer, N. Antiprotoscolices effects of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale against Echinococcus granulosus in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Adv. Res. 2, 59\u201368 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"62015_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S228538","volume":"15","author":"R Norouzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Norouzi, R., Ataei, A., Hejazy, M., Noreddin, A. & El Zowalaty, M. E. Scolicidal effects of nanoparticles against hydatid cyst protoscolices in vitro. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 15, 1095\u20131100 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine."},{"key":"62015_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-018-2807-1","volume":"28","author":"S Napooni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Napooni, S., Arbabi, M., Delavari, M., Hooshyar, H. & Rasti, S. Lethal effects of gold nanoparticles on protoscolices of hydatid cyst: In vitro study. Comp. Clin. Pathol. 28, 143\u2013150 (2019).","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"62015_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.06.021","volume":"127","author":"M Moazeni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moazeni, M. & Alipour-Chaharmahali, M. R. Echinococcus granulosus: In vitro effectiveness of warm water on protoscolices. Exp. Parasitol. 127(1), 14\u201317 (2011).","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"62015_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.06.003","volume":"114","author":"M Moazeni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moazeni, M., Borji, H., Saboor Darbandi, M. & Saharkhiz, M. J. In vitro and in vivo antihydatid activity of a nano emulsion of Zataria multiflora essential oil. Res. Vet. Sci. 114, 308\u2013312 (2017).","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"62015_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-010-0718-7","volume":"34","author":"M Moazeni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moazeni, M. & Nazer, A. In vitro effectiveness of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on scolices of hydatid cyst. World J. Surg. 34(11), 2677\u20132681 (2010).","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"62015_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0710-7","volume":"50","author":"Q Xin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xin, Q. et al. In vitro and in vivo effects of 3-Bromopyruvate against Echinococcus metacestodes. Vet. Res. 50(1), 96 (2019).","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"62015_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108121","volume":"226\u2013227","author":"S Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu, S. et al. In vitro effects of harmine against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces by stimulating DNA damage. Exp. Parasitol. 226\u2013227, 108121 (2021).","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"62015_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.11.001","volume":"114","author":"E Brunetti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brunetti, E., Kern, P. & Vuitton, D. A. Writing Panel for the WHO-IWGE. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop. 114(1), 1\u201316 (2010).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"issue":"1","key":"62015_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010112","volume":"25","author":"S Bayda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bayda, S., Adeel, M., Tuccinardi, T., Cordani, M. & Rizzolio, F. The history of nanoscience and nanotechnology: From chemical-physical applications to nanomedicine. Molecules. 25(1), 112 (2019).","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"62015_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114268","volume":"185","author":"J Ouyang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ouyang, J. et al. 2D materials-based nanomedicine: From discovery to applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 185, 114268 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"62015_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.11.022","volume":"148","author":"EB Bahad\u0131r","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bahad\u0131r, E. B. & Sezgint\u00fcrk, M. K. Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM): An emerging material for electrochemical bio(sensing) applications. Talanta. 148, 427\u2013438 (2016).","journal-title":"Talanta."},{"key":"62015_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5800","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-8291-8","volume":"24","author":"H Barabadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barabadi, H., Honary, S., Mohammadi, M. A. & Ahmadpour, E. Green chemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles by using Penicillium aculeatum and their scolicidal activity against hydatid cyst protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24, 5800\u20135810 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"62015_CR53","first-page":"203","volume":"67","author":"R Fateh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fateh, R. et al. In vitro evaluation of albendazole nanocrystals against Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices. Ann. Parasitol. 67(2), 203\u2013212 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"issue":"11","key":"62015_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259290","volume":"16","author":"MN Maurice","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maurice, M. N. et al. Evaluation of the scolicidal activities of eugenol essential oil and its nanoemulsion against protoscoleces of hydatid cysts. PLoS ONE 16(11), e0259290 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"62015_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710790416290","volume":"17","author":"L Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Pornpattananagkul, D., Hu, C. & Huang, C. Development of nanoparticles for antimicrobial drug delivery. Curr. Med. Chem. 17, 585\u2013594 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"62015_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.112","volume":"15","author":"G Adas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adas, G. et al. Use of albendazole sulfoxide, albendazole sulfone, and combined solutions as scolicidal agents on hydatid cysts (in vitro study). World J. Gastroenterol. 15, 112\u2013116 (2009).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"12","key":"62015_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10122538","volume":"10","author":"AE Albalawi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Albalawi, A. E., Alanazi, A. D., Baharvand, P., Sepahvand, M. & Mahmoudvand, H. High potency of organic and inorganic nanoparticles to treat cystic echinococcosis: An evidence-based review. Nanomaterials (Basel). 10(12), 2538 (2020).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Basel)."},{"issue":"4","key":"62015_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-019-01145-z","volume":"43","author":"NE Nassef","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nassef, N. E. et al. Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of albendazole-loaded silver nanoparticles against Echinococcus granulosus infection in experimental mice. J. Parasit. Dis. 43(4), 658\u2013671 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"62015_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2023.213723","volume":"157","author":"A Bagherivand","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bagherivand, A., Jafarirad, S., Norouzi, R. & Karimi, A. Scolicidal and apoptotic effects of phyto- and chemically synthesized silver\/boehmite nanocomposites on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Biomater. Adv. 157, 213723 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomater. Adv."},{"key":"62015_CR60","first-page":"23","volume":"4","author":"R Norouzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Norouzi, R., Hejazy, M. & Ataei, A. Scolicidal effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles against hydatid cyst protoscolices in vitro. Nanomed. Res. J. 4, 23\u201328 (2019).","journal-title":"Nanomed. Res. J."},{"key":"62015_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.03.017","volume":"12","author":"H Mahmoudvand","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mahmoudvand, H., Fasihi, M. & Shakibaie, M. Scolicidal effects of biogenic selenium nanoparticles against protoscolices of hydatid cysts. Int. J. Surg. 12, 399\u2013403 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"62015_CR62","first-page":"130","volume":"28","author":"F Malekifard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Malekifard, F. Scolicidal effect of the gold nanoparticle on protoscoleces of hydatid cyst in vitro. J. Urmia Univ. Med. Sci. 28(2), 130\u2013137 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Urmia Univ. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"62015_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.12980\/APJTB.4.201414B216","volume":"4","author":"NH Mohamed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohamed, N. H., Ismail, M. A., Abdel-Mageed, W. M. & Mohamed Shoreit, A. A. Antimicrobial activity of latex silver nanoparticles using Calotropis procera (Ait) latex. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 4(11), 876\u2013883 (2014).","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"62015_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Immanuel, S., Aparna, T.K. & Sivasubramanian, R. (2019) Graphene-based electrochemical sensors for biomolecules (Chapter 5-Graphene\u2013Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Modified Electrochemical Sensors). Micro Nano Technol. 2019, 113\u2013138","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815394-9.00005-4"},{"key":"62015_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2019.04.006","volume":"42","author":"M Niazi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Niazi, M. et al. In vitro and ex vivo scolicidal effects of Olea europaea L. to inactivate the protoscolecs during hydatid cyst surgery. Ann. Med. Surg. (Lond.) 42, 7\u201310 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg. (Lond.)"},{"key":"62015_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoudvand, H., Saki, M., Kiani, A.A., Taban, T. & Shahmoradi, M.K. (2021) In vitro and ex vivo antiparasitic effect of Rheum ribes L. extract against the hydatid cyst protoscoleces. Infect. Disord. Drug Targets. 21(6), e170721187993.","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526520666201116094851"},{"issue":"5","key":"62015_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570163817999200819091336","volume":"18","author":"H Mahmoudvand","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahmoudvand, H., Khalaf, A. K. & Beyranvand, M. In vitro and ex vivo evaluation of Capparis spinosa extract to inactivate protoscoleces during hydatid cyst surgery. Curr. Drug Discov. Technol. 18(5), e18082020185049 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Discov. Technol."},{"key":"62015_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114536","volume":"161","author":"Y Raziani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Raziani, Y. et al. High potency of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles covered by piroctone olamine against cystic echinococcosis. Biomed. Pharmacother. 161, 114536 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"62015_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/693289","volume":"2014","author":"PE Pensel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pensel, P. E. et al. Efficacy of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare on Echinococcus granulosus. Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis. 2014, 693289 (2014).","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"62015_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.07.013","volume":"187","author":"J Fabbri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fabbri, J. et al. Could beta-myrcene be an alternative to albendazole for the treatment of experimental cystic echinococcosis?. Acta Trop. 187, 5\u201312 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"62015_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108155","volume":"229","author":"S Bouaziz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bouaziz, S. et al. Protoscolicidal activity of Atriplex halimus leaves extract against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Exp. Parasitol. 229, 108155 (2021).","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"62015_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2007.04.079","volume":"314","author":"L Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang, L., Li, X., Zhang, G., Dong, J. & Eastoe, J. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions for pesticide formulations. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 314, 230\u2013235 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"62015_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2011.07.001","volume":"159","author":"F Dons\u00ec","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dons\u00ec, F., Annunziata, M., Vincensi, M. & Ferrari, G. Design of nanoemulsion-based delivery systems of natural antimicrobials: Effect of the emulsifier. J. Biotechnol. 159, 342\u2013350 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"62015_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2015.01.012","volume":"62","author":"W Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, W. et al. Influence of surfactant and oil composition on the stability and antibacterial activity of eugenol nanoemulsions. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 62, 39\u201347 (2015).","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"62015_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.10.015","volume":"197","author":"H Majeed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Majeed, H. et al. Bactericidal action mechanism of negatively charged food grade clove oil nanoemulsions. Food Chem. 197, 75\u201383 (2016).","journal-title":"Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-62015-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-62015-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-62015-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T03:04:05Z","timestamp":1716606245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-62015-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["62015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-62015-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11957"}}