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This randomized, blinded, sham-controlled, parallel trial included a rTMS protocol (10-Hz, 2000\u00a0pulses\/session) consisting of five daily sessions, followed by one session per week for the next seven weeks. Pain intensity, as well as pain-related disability, quality of life, and psychological status, were assessed. For the primary outcome, pain intensity was measured daily using a numerical rating scale as a pain diary. Thirty patients were randomly assigned to the active rTMS or sham-stimulation groups. In the primary outcome, the decrease (least square [LS] mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard error) in the weekly average of a pain diary at week 9 compared to the baseline was 0.84\u2009\u00b1\u20090.31 in the active rTMS group and 0.58\u2009\u00b1\u20090.29 in the sham group (LS mean difference, 0.26; 95% confidence interval, \u2212\u20090.60 to 1.13). There was no significant effect on the interaction between the treatment group and time point. Pain-related disability score improved, but other assessments showed no differences. No serious adverse events were observed. This study did not show significant pain relief; however, active rTMS tended to provide better results than sham. rTMS has the potential to improve pain-related disability in addition to pain relief.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical Trial Registration number: jRCTs052190110 (20\/02\/2020).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62018-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T10:02:26Z","timestamp":1716458546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation focusing on patients with neuropathic pain in the upper limb: a randomized sham-controlled parallel trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nobuhiko","family":"Mori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Hosomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asaya","family":"Nishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akimitsu","family":"Miyake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomomi","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiyoshi","family":"Matsugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasutomo","family":"Jono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanseok","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui Ming","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Tani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Oshino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youichi","family":"Saitoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruhiko","family":"Kishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"62018_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000492","volume":"157","author":"NB Finnerup","year":"2016","unstructured":"Finnerup, N. 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