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Previous studies showed that sheep are important hosts for\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and that its distribution in sheep is influenced by geography, feeding patterns, age, and season. Environmental factors also influence the transmission of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Molecular studies of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    in sheep have been conducted in only a few regions of China, and studies into the effect of sheep-housing environments on\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission are even rarer. To detect the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    in large-scale sheep-housing farms, a total of 1241 fecal samples were collected from sheep, 727 environmental samples were taken from sheep housing, and 30 water samples were collected in six regions of China. To ascertain the existence of the parasite and identify the species of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., we conducted nested PCR amplification of DNA extracted from all samples using the small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene as a target. For a more in-depth analysis of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. subtypes,\n                    <jats:italic>C. xiaoi<\/jats:italic>\n                    -and\n                    <jats:italic>C. ubiquitum<\/jats:italic>\n                    -positive samples underwent separate nested PCR amplification targeting the 60\u00a0kDa glycoprotein (\n                    <jats:italic>gp60<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene. The amplification of the\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. SSU rRNA gene locus from the whole genomic DNA of all samples yielded a positive rate of 1.2% (20\/1241) in fecal samples, 0.1% (1\/727) in environmental samples, and no positive samples were found in water samples. The prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. infection in large-scale housed sheep was 1.7%, which was higher than that in free-ranging sheep (0.0%). The highest prevalence of infection was found in weaning lambs (6.8%). Among the different seasons, the peaks were found in the fall and winter. The most prevalent species were\n                    <jats:italic>C. xiaoi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>C. ubiquitum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with the former accounting for the majority of infections. The distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>C. xiaoi<\/jats:italic>\n                    subtypes was diverse, with XXIIIc (n\u2009=\u20091), XXIIId (n\u2009=\u20092), XXIIIe (n\u2009=\u20092), and XXIIIl (n\u2009=\u20094) identified. In contrast, only one subtype, XIIa (n\u2009=\u20099), was found in\n                    <jats:italic>C. ubiquitum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In this study,\n                    <jats:italic>C. xiaoi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>C. ubiquitum<\/jats:italic>\n                    were found to be the predominant species, and\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    was found to be present in the environment. These findings provide an important foundation for the comprehensive prevention and management of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    in intensively reared sheep. Furthermore, by elucidating the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    in sheep and its potential role in environmental transmission, this study deepens our understanding of the intricate interactions between animal health, environmental contamination, and public health dynamics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62110-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T08:01:34Z","timestamp":1715846494000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cryptosporidium spp. in large-scale sheep farms in China: prevalence and genetic diversity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qianming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuchun","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pihong","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyang","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changshen","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"62110_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2017.03.006","volume":"64","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kotloff, K. 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