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We focused on pebbles with flat tops for which the average shape was 3.81\u00a0mm in diameter at the lower base, 1.16\u00a0mm in diameter at the upper surface, 0.12\u00a0mm in maximum height, and 5.4\u00b0 in contact angle. A scratch of about 1\u00a0\u00b5m in depth and 40\u00a0\u00b5m in width (traces of pebbles cut by a running band at the bottom of the stone) was observed on the upper surface. The pebbles were also found to have a moderate lower base diameter that preferentially contacted the nipper or stone due to its large maximum height value immediately after formation. Experiments to determine the amount of pebble abrasion associated with the passing of stones revealed that the average height of their upper surface decreased by 1\u00a0\u00b5m and the area of the upper surface increased by 0.21\u00a0mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for each stone passing as the stone cut the pebbles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62247-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T10:01:25Z","timestamp":1716199285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characteristics of pebble shape and the amount of pebble abrasion measured with a replica reproduced on a curling rink"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Yanagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Kameda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimiteru","family":"Sado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"62247_CR1","first-page":"247","volume":"18","author":"EL Harrington","year":"1924","unstructured":"Harrington, E. 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