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They are important causes of non-malarial fevers in Kenya, yet their epidemiology remains unclear. We investigated brucellosis, Q-fever and leptospirosis in the venous blood of 216 malaria-negative febrile patients recruited in two health centres (98 from Ijara and 118 from Sangailu health centres) in Garissa County in north-eastern Kenya. We determined exposure to the three zoonoses using serological (Rose Bengal test for <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp., ELISA for <jats:italic>C. burnetti<\/jats:italic> and microscopic agglutination test for <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp.) and real-time PCR testing and identified risk factors for exposure. We also used non-targeted metagenomic sequencing on nine selected patients to assess the presence of other possible bacterial causes of non-malarial fevers. Considerable PCR positivity was found for <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> (19.4%, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 14.2\u201325.5) and <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. (1.7%, 95% CI 0.4\u20134.9), and high endpoint titres were observed against leptospiral serovar Grippotyphosa from the serological testing. Patients aged 5\u201317 years old had 4.02 (95% CI 1.18\u201313.70, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value\u2009=\u20090.03) and 2.42 (95% CI 1.09\u20135.34, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value\u2009=\u20090.03) times higher odds of infection with <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> than those of ages 35\u201380. Additionally, patients who sourced water from dams\/springs, and other sources (protected wells, boreholes, bottled water, and water pans) had 2.39 (95% CI 1.22\u20134.68, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value\u2009=\u20090.01) and 2.24 (1.15\u20134.35, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value\u2009=\u20090.02) times higher odds of exposure to <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> than those who used unprotected wells. <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic> spp. were determined using metagenomic sequencing. Brucellosis, leptospirosis, <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic> infections are potentially important causes of non-malarial fevers in Garissa. This knowledge can guide routine diagnosis, thus helping lower the disease burden and ensure better health outcomes, especially in younger populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62714-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T21:04:16Z","timestamp":1716930256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Molecular and serological diagnosis of multiple bacterial zoonoses in febrile outpatients in Garissa County, north-eastern Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Wainaina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna F.","family":"Lindahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Mayer-Scholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph-Martin","family":"Ufermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Baka","family":"Domelevo Entfellner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Roesler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Roesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delia","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Bett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sascha","family":"Al Dahouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"62714_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30472-8","volume":"7","author":"T Achoki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Achoki, T. et al. 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