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Despite having many benefits, this approach still has a crucial space issue that makes encryption algorithms based on it susceptible to brute-force assaults. This research\u2019s proposed novel picture encryption technique has a vast key space and great key sensitivity. To achieve this goal, the proposed method combines two-way chaotic maps and reversible cellular automata (RCA). First, this approach uses a two-way chaotic model named spatiotemporal chaos for image confusion. This step includes permuting the image pixels using a chaotic map at the byte level. Then, the RCA model is utilized for image diffusion. In this step, the RCA model iterates over image pixels to modify them at the bit level. The method\u2019s performance in encrypting grayscale images was evaluated using various analysis methods. According to the results, the proposed method is a compelling image encryption algorithm with high robustness against brute-force, statistical, and differential attacks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64741-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T15:01:57Z","timestamp":1721401317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["A new encryption algorithm for image data based on two-way chaotic maps and iterative cellular automata"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mimouna Abdullah","family":"Alkhonaini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Entesar","family":"Gemeay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firas Muhammad","family":"Zeki Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ayari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhan A.","family":"Alenizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangkeum","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"64741_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"C Arul Murugan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arul Murugan, C. & KarthigaiKumar, P. 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