{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:40:44Z","timestamp":1792701644436,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","award":["119S434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["119S434"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in neural development and progression of neural disorders like Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Probiotics have been suggested to impact neurodegenerative diseases via gut-brain axis. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of\n                    <jats:italic>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    E9, a high exopolysaccharide producer, on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD. C57BL\/6 mice subjected to MPTP were fed\n                    <jats:italic>L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    E9 for fifteen days and sacrificed after the last administration. Motor functions were determined by open-field, catalepsy, and wire-hanging tests. The ileum and the brain tissues were collected for ELISA, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry analyses. The cecum content was obtained for microbiota analysis. E9 supplementation alleviated MPTP-induced motor dysfunctions accompanied by decreased levels of striatal TH and dopamine. E9 also reduced the level of ROS in the striatum and decreased the DAT expression while increasing the DR1. Furthermore, E9 improved intestinal integrity by enhancing ZO-1 and Occludin levels and reversed the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota induced by MPTP. In conclusion, E9 supplementation improved the MPTP-induced motor deficits and neural damage as well as intestinal barrier by modulating the gut microbiota in PD mice. These findings suggest that E9 supplementation holds therapeutic potential in managing PD through the gut-brain axis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65061-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T16:15:23Z","timestamp":1720109723000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["A neurotherapeutic approach with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus E9 on gut microbiota and intestinal barrier in MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9863-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Busra","family":"Aktas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belma","family":"Aslim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deniz Ates","family":"Ozdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"65061_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047387","volume":"7","author":"D Lindqvist","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lindqvist, D. et al. Non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: Correlations with inflammatory cytokines in serum. PLoS ONE 7, e47387 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"65061_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6142","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160906161513","volume":"22","author":"G Anderson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anderson, G. & Carvalho, A. Gut permeability and microbiota in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Role of depression, tryptophan catabolites, oxidative and nitrosative stress and melatonergic pathways. Curr. Pharm. Des. 22, 6142\u20136151 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"65061_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000247740.47667.03","volume":"68","author":"ER Dorsey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dorsey, E. R. et al. Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030. Neurology 68, 384\u2013386 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"65061_CR4","unstructured":"Foundation, P. Understanding Parkinson\u2019s. Parkinson\u2019s Foundation Parkinson\u2019s Prevalence Project (2021). https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/Understanding-Parkinsons\/Statistics."},{"key":"65061_CR5","unstructured":"Medicine, J. H. Young-Onset Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Medicine, Johns Hopkins (2021). https:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/health\/conditions-and-diseases\/parkinsons-disease\/youngonset-parkinsons-disease."},{"key":"65061_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3299","volume":"75","author":"ER Dorsey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dorsey, E. R. & Bloem, B. R. The Parkinson pandemic: A call to action. JAMA Neurol. 75, 9\u201310 (2018).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"65061_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.12.016","volume":"62","author":"JM Taylor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Taylor, J. M., Main, B. S. & Crack, P. J. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress: Co-conspirators in the pathology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurochem. Int. 62, 803\u2013819 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"65061_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.11.050","volume":"797","author":"Y Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, Y., Liu, W. Z., Li, L. & H\u00f6lscher, C. D-Ala2-GIP-glu-PAL is neuroprotective in a chronic Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse model and increases BNDF expression while reducing neuroinflammation and lipid peroxidation. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 797, 162\u2013172 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"65061_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27326","volume":"33","author":"MC Houser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Houser, M. C., Chang, J., Factor, S. A., Molho, E. S. & Zabetian, C. P. Stool immune profiles evince gastrointestinal inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 33, 793\u2013804 (2018).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"65061_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.04.019","volume":"1667","author":"F Hopfner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hopfner, F. et al. Gut microbiota in Parkinson disease in a northern German cohort. Brain Res. 1667, 41\u201345 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"65061_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.62","volume":"18","author":"AHV Schapira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schapira, A. H. V., Chaudhuri, K. R. & Jenner, P. Non-motor features of Parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 18, 435\u2013450 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"65061_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040880","volume":"11","author":"IS Lima","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lima, I. S. et al. Gut dysbiosis: A target for protective interventions against Parkinson\u2019s disease. Microorganisms 11, 880 (2023).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"65061_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1856-5","volume":"136","author":"C Pellegrini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pellegrini, C., Antonioli, L., Colucci, R., Blandizzi, C. & Fornai, M. Interplay among gut microbiota, intestinal mucosal barrier and enteric neuro-immune system: A common path to neurodegenerative diseases?. Acta Neuropathol. 136, 345\u2013361 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"65061_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00574","volume":"10","author":"SF Santos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santos, S. F., De Oliveira, H. L., Yamada, E. S., Neves, B. C. & Pereira, A. The gut and Parkinson\u2019s disease: A bidirectional pathway. Front. Neurol. 10, 1\u20138 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"65061_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2021.01.001","volume":"168","author":"L Rani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rani, L. & Mondal, A. C. Unravelling the role of gut microbiota in Parkinson\u2019s disease progression: Pathogenic and therapeutic implications. Neurosci. Res. 168, 100\u2013112 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"65061_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00460-0","volume":"19","author":"LH Morais","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morais, L. H., Schreiber, H. L. & Mazmanian, S. K. The gut microbiota\u2013brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 19, 241\u2013255 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"65061_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142164","volume":"10","author":"S Hasegawa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hasegawa, S. et al. Intestinal dysbiosis and lowered serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in Parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE 10, 1\u201315 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"65061_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.02.022","volume":"50","author":"A Schwiertz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schwiertz, A. et al. Fecal markers of intestinal inflammation and intestinal permeability are elevated in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Park. Relat. Disord. 50, 104\u2013107 (2018).","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"65061_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26942","volume":"32","author":"EM Hill-Burns","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hill-Burns, E. M. et al. Parkinson\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease medications have distinct signatures of the gut microbiome. Mov. Disord. 32, 739\u2013749 (2017).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"65061_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.08.019","volume":"32","author":"MM Unger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Unger, M. M. et al. Short chain fatty acids and gut microbiota differ between patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and age-matched controls. Park. Relat. Disord. 32, 66\u201372 (2016).","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"65061_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.02.005","volume":"70","author":"MF Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun, M. F. et al. Neuroprotective effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mice: Gut microbiota, glial reaction and TLR4\/TNF-\u03b1 signaling pathway. Brain. Behav. Immun. 70, 48\u201360 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"65061_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.018","volume":"167","author":"TR Sampson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sampson, T. R. et al. Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cell 167, 1469\u20131480 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"65061_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.04.008","volume":"380","author":"KC Biju","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biju, K. C. et al. Methylene blue ameliorates olfactory dysfunction and motor deficits in a chronic MPTP\/probenecid mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuroscience 380, 111\u2013122 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"65061_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","volume":"323","author":"MJ Armstrong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Armstrong, M. J. & Okun, M. S. Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: A review. JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc. 323, 548\u2013560 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"65061_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6828","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO00728F","volume":"14","author":"X Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, X. et al. Effect of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain Shirota supplementation on clinical responses and gut microbiome in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Food Funct. 14, 6828\u20136839 (2023).","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"65061_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110476","volume":"147","author":"SA Nejadghaderi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nejadghaderi, S. A., Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad, E. & Asadzadeh Aghdaei, H. Fecal microbiota transplantation for COVID-19; a potential emerging treatment strategy. Med. Hypotheses 147, 110476 (2021).","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"65061_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"V Metta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Metta, V. et al. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Molecular pathology and implications of gut microbiome, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. J. Neurol. 1, 1\u201310 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"65061_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.08.014","volume":"9","author":"JS Bakken","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bakken, J. S. et al. Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9, 1044\u20131049 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"65061_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4678","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214678","volume":"14","author":"T Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, T. et al. Neuroprotective effects of bifidobacterium breve CCFM1067 in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nutrients 14, 4678 (2022).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"65061_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1038\/70978","volume":"5","author":"GT Liberatore","year":"1999","unstructured":"Liberatore, G. T. et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase stimulates dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson disease. Nat. Med. 5, 1403\u20131409 (1999).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"65061_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00001","volume":"11","author":"H Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Probiotic mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum strains improves lipid metabolism and gut microbiota structure in high fat diet-fed mice. Front. Microbiol. 11, 1\u201317 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"65061_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145784","volume":"10","author":"B Aktas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aktas, B. et al. The effect of Lactobacillus casei 32G on the mouse cecum microbiota and innate immune response is dose and time dependent. PLoS ONE 10, e0145784 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"65061_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13201","volume":"50","author":"L Bonfrate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bonfrate, L. et al. Effects of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 in IBS patients. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 50, 1\u201310 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"65061_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO02794D","volume":"12","author":"Y Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao, Y. et al. Lactobacillus plantarum Y44 alleviates oxidative stress by regulating gut microbiota and colonic barrier function in Balb\/C mice with subcutaneous d-galactose injection. Food Funct. 12, 373\u2013386 (2021).","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"65061_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010184","volume":"12","author":"C Mazziotta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mazziotta, C., Tognon, M., Martini, F., Torreggiani, E. & Rotondo, J. C. Probiotics mechanism of action on immune cells and beneficial effects on human health. Cells 12, 184 (2023).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"65061_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.043","volume":"144","author":"K Tillisch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tillisch, K. et al. Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity. Gastroenterology 144, 1394-1401.e4 (2013).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"65061_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.018","volume":"38","author":"OR Tamtaji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tamtaji, O. R. et al. Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin. Nutr. 38, 1031\u20131035 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"65061_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e772","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010998","volume":"96","author":"AH Tan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tan, A. H. et al. Probiotics for constipation in Parkinson disease: A randomized placebo-controlled study. Neurology 96, e772\u2013e782 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"65061_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244680","volume":"15","author":"A Ibrahim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ibrahim, A. et al. Multi-strain probiotics (Hexbio) containing MCP BCMC strains improved constipation and gut motility in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS ONE 15, 1\u201317 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"65061_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003127","volume":"87","author":"M Barichella","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barichella, M. et al. Probiotics and prebiotic fiber for constipation associated with Parkinson disease: An RCT. Neurology 87, 1274 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"65061_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1022879","volume":"12","author":"S Pan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pan, S. et al. Probiotic Pediococcus pentosaceus ameliorates MPTP-induced oxidative stress via regulating the gut microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 12, 1\u201314 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"65061_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.10.014","volume":"91","author":"J Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, J. et al. Probiotic Clostridium butyricuma ameliorated motor deficits in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease via gut microbiota-GLP-1 pathway. Brain. Behav. Immun. 91, 703\u2013715 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"65061_CR43","first-page":"308","volume":"16","author":"S Dolanbay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dolanbay, S. & Aslim, B. Comparison of the anti-carcinogenic effects of some probiotic bacteria and their postbiotics on. J. Appl. Biol. Sci. 16, 308\u2013325 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"65061_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44753-8","volume":"9","author":"U Tukenmez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tukenmez, U., Aktas, B., Aslim, B. & Yavuz, S. The relationship between the structural characteristics of lactobacilli-EPS and its ability to induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells in vitro. Sci. Rep. 9, 8268 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"65061_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22210231","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4324-2022210231","volume":"65","author":"A Mendi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mendi, A. & Aslim, B. Exopolysaccharide of Lactobacillus rhamnosus E9 strain improves dental pulp mesenchymal stem cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and cellular collagen production. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 65, e22210231 (2022).","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"65061_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00454.x","volume":"54","author":"B S\u00e1nchez","year":"2008","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, B., Bressollier, P. & Urdaci, M. C. Exported proteins in probiotic bacteria: Adhesion to intestinal surfaces, host immunomodulation and molecular cross-talking with the host. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 54, 1\u201317 (2008).","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"65061_CR47","first-page":"121","volume":"36","author":"M Ciszek-Lenda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ciszek-Lenda, M. et al. Strain specific immunostimulatory potential of lactobacilli-derived exopolysaccharides. Cent. Eur. J. Immunol. 36, 121\u2013129 (2011).","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"65061_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.07.015","volume":"158","author":"M Nikolic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nikolic, M. et al. Characterisation of the exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing Lactobacillus paraplantarum BGCG11 and its non-EPS producing derivative strains as potential probiotics. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 158, 155\u2013162 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"65061_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.05.013","volume":"47","author":"T Sungur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sungur, T., Aslim, B., Karaaslan, C. & Aktas, B. Impact of Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) of Lactobacillus gasseri strains isolated from human vagina on cervical tumor cells (HeLa). Anaerobe 47, 137\u2013144 (2017).","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"65061_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4584","volume":"13","author":"J Song","year":"2016","unstructured":"Song, J. et al. Investigation of the antidepressant effects of exopolysaccharides obtained from Marasmius androsaceus fermentation in a mouse model. Mol. Med. Rep. 13, 939\u2013946 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"65061_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65147-1","volume":"10","author":"S Sirin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sirin, S. & Aslim, B. Characterization of lactic acid bacteria derived exopolysaccharides for use as a defined neuroprotective agent against amyloid beta1\u201342-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Sci. Rep. 10, 1\u201318 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"65061_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2021.04.003","volume":"106","author":"S Sirin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sirin, S. & Aslim, B. Protective effect of exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria against amyloid beta1-42induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells: Involvement of the AKT, MAPK, and NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. Process Biochem. 106, 50\u201359 (2021).","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"65061_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-011-0710-x","volume":"27","author":"GG Yildiz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yildiz, G. G., \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, M. & Aslim, B. Identification of Lactobacillus strains from breast-fed infant and investigation of their cholesterol-reducing effects. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 27, 2397\u20132406 (2011).","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"65061_CR54","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"NP du Sert","year":"2020","unstructured":"du Sert, N. P. et al. The arrive guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol. 18, 1\u201312 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"65061_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4674","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094674","volume":"22","author":"ME Haque","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haque, M. E. et al. The neuroprotective effects of GPR4 inhibition through the attenuation of caspase mediated apoptotic cell death in an MPTP induced mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 4674 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"65061_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00162","volume":"10","author":"R He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He, R., Huang, W., Huang, Y., Xu, M. & Song, P. Cdk5 inhibitory peptide prevents loss of dopaminergic neurons and alleviates behavioral changes in an MPTP induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse model. Front. Aging Neurosci. 10, 1\u20139 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"65061_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12874","volume":"9","author":"A Rodriguez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rodriguez, A. et al. ToxTrac: A fast and robust software for tracking organisms. Methods Ecol. Evol. 9, 460\u2013464 (2018).","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"65061_CR58","first-page":"47","volume":"6","author":"N Bhattacharjee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee, N., Paul, R., Giri, A. & Borah, A. Chronic exposure of homocysteine in mice contributes to dopamine loss by enhancing oxidative stress in nigrostriatum and produces behavioral phenotypes of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Biochem. Biophys. Rep. 6, 47\u201353 (2016).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"65061_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.02.012","volume":"133","author":"P Feng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng, P. et al. Two novel dual GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonists are neuroprotective in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuropharmacology 133, 385\u2013394 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"65061_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-023-01319-7","volume":"43","author":"B Aktas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aktas, B. Gut microbial alteration in MPTP mouse model of Parkinson disease is administration regimen dependent. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 43, 2815\u20132829 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"65061_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6b00197","volume":"15","author":"M Dutta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dutta, M. et al. Metabolomics reveals altered lipid metabolism in a mouse model of endometriosis. J. Proteome Res. 15, 2626\u20132633 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"65061_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-018-0282-4","volume":"13","author":"ECB Johnson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnson, E. C. B. et al. Deep proteomic network analysis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain reveals alterations in RNA binding proteins and RNA splicing associated with disease. Mol. Neurodegener. 13, 1\u201322 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"65061_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.07.036","volume":"90","author":"JF Liao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liao, J. F. et al. Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 alleviates neurodegenerative progression in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse models of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain. Behav. Immun. 90, 26\u201346 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"65061_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14669","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251341998","volume":"98","author":"Y Du","year":"2001","unstructured":"Du, Y. et al. Minocycline prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98, 14669\u201314674 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"65061_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v022.i04","volume":"22","author":"S Dray","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dray, S. & Dufour, A.-B. Journal of statistical software. J. Stat. Softw. 22, 1\u201320 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"65061_CR66","first-page":"5","volume":"4","author":"D Chessel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chessel, D., Dufour, A. B. & Thioulouse, J. The ade4 package-I: One-table methods. R News 4, 5\u201310 (2004).","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"65061_CR67","unstructured":"The R Core Team. R\u202f: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. 1 (2013)."},{"key":"65061_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.177","volume":"5","author":"DA de C\u00e1rcer","year":"2011","unstructured":"de C\u00e1rcer, D. A. et al. Numerical ecology validates a biogeographical distribution and gender-based effect on mucosa-associated bacteria along the human colon. ISME J. 5, 801\u2013809 (2011).","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"65061_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104635","volume":"85","author":"L Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Neuroprotective effect of Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 on MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease model mice. J. Funct. Foods 85, 104635 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"65061_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071737","volume":"15","author":"C Chu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chu, C. et al. Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM405 against rotenone-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mice via regulating gut microbiota and branched-chain amino acids biosynthesis. Nutrients 15, 1737 (2023).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"65061_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10351","author":"H Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, H. et al. Neuroprotective effects of an engineered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 on Parkinson\u2019s disease in mice by delivering GLP-1 and modulating gut microbiota. Bioeng. Transl. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/btm2.10351 (2022).","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"65061_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111661","volume":"8","author":"C Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie, C. & Prasad, A. A. Probiotics treatment improves hippocampal dependent cognition in a rodent model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Microorganisms 8, 1\u201313 (2020).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"65061_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.11.041","volume":"369","author":"D Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang, D. et al. Long-term changes in the nigrostriatal pathway in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuroscience 369, 303\u2013313 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"65061_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-010-9195-9","volume":"25","author":"H Kuroiwa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuroiwa, H., Yokoyama, H., Kimoto, H., Kato, H. & Araki, T. Biochemical alterations of the striatum in an MPTP-treated mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Metab. Brain Dis. 25, 177\u2013183 (2010).","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"65061_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033338","volume":"1","author":"RKW Schwarting","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schwarting, R. K. W., Sedelis, M., Hofele, K., Auburger, G. W. & Huston, J. P. Strain-dependent recovery of open-field behavior and striatal dopamine deficiency in the mouse MPTP model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurotox. Res. 1, 41\u201356 (1999).","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"65061_CR76","first-page":"1","volume":"2014","author":"J Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. Neuroprotective effects of Jitai tablet, a traditional Chinese medicine, on the MPTP-induced acute model of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Involvement of the dopamine system. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2014, 1\u201310 (2014).","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"65061_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.02.028","volume":"94","author":"H Jeon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeon, H., Bae, C. H., Lee, Y., Kim, H. Y. & Kim, S. Korean red ginseng suppresses 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced inflammation in the substantia nigra and colon. Brain. Behav. Immun. 94, 410\u2013423 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"65061_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00090","volume":"12","author":"Y Lu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lu, Y. et al. Metabolic disturbances in the striatum and substantia nigra in the onset and progression of MPTP-induced Parkinsonism model. Front. Neurosci. 12, 1\u201310 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"65061_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.12.058","volume":"236","author":"S Al Sweidi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Al Sweidi, S., Morissette, M., Rouillard, C. & Di Paolo, T. Estrogen receptors and lesion-induced response of striatal dopamine receptors. Neuroscience 236, 99\u2013109 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"65061_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2012.09.001","volume":"65","author":"S Pain","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pain, S. et al. Toxicity of MPTP on neurotransmission in three mouse models of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 65, 689\u2013694 (2013).","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"65061_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-016-1306-x","volume":"222","author":"AJ Rico","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rico, A. J. et al. Neurochemical evidence supporting dopamine D1\u2013D2 receptor heteromers in the striatum of the long-tailed macaque: Changes following dopaminergic manipulation. Brain Struct. Funct. 222, 1767\u20131784 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"65061_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00430-7","volume":"765","author":"TS Smith","year":"1997","unstructured":"Smith, T. S., Trimmer, P. A., Khan, S. M., Tinklepaugh, D. L. & Bennett, J. P. Mitochondrial toxins in models of neurodegenerative diseases. II: Elevated zif268 transcription and independent temporal regulation of striatal D1 and D2 receptor mRNAs and D1 and D2 receptor-binding sites in C57BL\/6 mice during MPTP treatment. Brain Res. 765, 189\u2013197 (1997).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"65061_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01209-3","volume":"824","author":"H Tanji","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tanji, H., Araki, T., Nagasawa, H. & Itoyama, Y. Differential vulnerability of dopamine receptors in the mouse brain treated with MPTP. Brain Res. 824, 224\u2013231 (1999).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"65061_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51274","volume":"8","author":"P Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, P. et al. Dopamine D1 + D3 receptor density may correlate with Parkinson disease clinical features. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 8, 224\u2013237 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"65061_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.379","volume":"115","author":"V Calabrese","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calabrese, V. et al. Aging and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Inflammaging, neuroinflammation and biological remodeling as key factors in pathogenesis. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 115, 80\u201391 (2018).","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"65061_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-130230","volume":"3","author":"V Dias","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dias, V., Junn, E. & Mouradian, M. M. The role of oxidative stress in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Parkinsons. Dis. 3, 461\u2013491 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons. Dis."},{"key":"65061_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c07711","volume":"70","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 reduces \u03b1-SYN aggravation in MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mice via regulating oxidative damage, inflammation, and gut microbiota disorder. J. Agric. Food Chem. 70, 1163\u20131173 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"65061_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5920","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02516-5","volume":"58","author":"ZJ van Rensburg","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Rensburg, Z. J., Abrahams, S., Bardien, S. & Kenyon, C. Toxic feedback loop involving iron, reactive oxygen species, \u03b1-synuclein and neuromelanin in Parkinson\u2019s disease and intervention with turmeric. Mol. Neurobiol. 58, 5920\u20135936 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"65061_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12742","volume":"130","author":"T Clairembault","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clairembault, T. et al. Enteric GFAP expression and phosphorylation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neurochem. 130, 805\u2013815 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"65061_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.09.007","volume":"50","author":"D Devos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Devos, D. et al. Colonic inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 50, 42\u201348 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"65061_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028032","volume":"6","author":"CB Forsyth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Forsyth, C. B. et al. Increased intestinal permeability correlates with sigmoid mucosa alpha-synuclein staining and endotoxin exposure markers in early Parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE 6, e28032 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"65061_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239199","volume":"21","author":"L Benvenuti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benvenuti, L. et al. Enteric glia at the crossroads between intestinal immune system and epithelial barrier: Implications for Parkinson disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 1\u201316 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"65061_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2635","volume":"14","author":"H Chu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chu, H. & Mazmanian, S. K. Innate immune recognition of the microbiota promotes host-microbial symbiosis. Nat. Immunol. 14, 668\u2013675 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"65061_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2707","volume":"10","author":"MT Abreu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abreu, M. T. Toll-like receptor signalling in the intestinal epithelium: How bacterial recognition shapes intestinal function. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 10, 131\u2013144 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"65061_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156374","volume":"11","author":"B Aktas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aktas, B., De Wolfe, T. J., Safdar, N., Darien, B. J. & Steele, J. L. The impact of Lactobacillus casei on the composition of the cecal microbiota and innate immune system is strain specific. PLoS ONE 11, e0156374 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"65061_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1391","volume":"4","author":"S Akira","year":"2004","unstructured":"Akira, S. & Takeda, K. Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4, 499\u2013511 (2004).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"65061_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.2029","volume":"14","author":"RA Kekkonen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kekkonen, R. A. et al. Probiotic intervention has strain-specific anti-inflammatory effects in healthy adults. World J. Gastroenterol. 14, 2029\u20132036 (2008).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"65061_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.1.171","volume":"168","author":"HR Christensen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Christensen, H. R., Frokiaer, H., Pestka, J. J. & Alerts, E. Lactobacilli differentially modulate expression of cytokines and maturation surface markers in murine dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 168, 171\u2013178 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"65061_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2013.02.001","volume":"21","author":"TJ Schuijt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schuijt, T. J., van der Poll, T., de Vos, W. M. & Wiersinga, W. J. The intestinal microbiota and host immune interactions in the critically ill. Trends Microbiol. 21, 221\u2013229 (2013).","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"65061_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-265892","volume":"118","author":"P Lacy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lacy, P. & Stow, J. L. Cytokine release from innate immune cells: Association with diverse membrane trafficking pathways. Blood 118, 9\u201318 (2011).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"65061_CR101","volume-title":"Toll-Like Receptor Family Members and Their Ligands","author":"CJ Kirschning","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kirschning, C. J. & Schuman, R. R. Toll-Like Receptor Family Members and Their Ligands (Springer, 2002)."},{"key":"65061_CR102","unstructured":"Fundamental Immunology. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003)."},{"key":"65061_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-016-0002-0","volume":"3","author":"MC Houser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Houser, M. C. & Tansey, M. G. The gut-brain axis: Is intestinal inflammation a silent driver of Parkinson\u2019s disease pathogenesis?. NPJ Park. Dis. 3, 3 (2017).","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"65061_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201201773","volume":"5","author":"MJ Ostaff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ostaff, M. J., Stange, E. F. & Wehkamp, J. Antimicrobial peptides and gut microbiota in homeostasis and pathology. EMBO Mol. Med. 5, 1\u201319 (2013).","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"65061_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124234","volume":"312","author":"SR Gill","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gill, S. R. et al. Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science 312, 1355\u20131359 (2006).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"65061_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-022-00627-y","volume":"41","author":"I Parra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parra, I. et al. Neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurotox. Res. 41, 187\u2013200 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"65061_CR107","first-page":"327","volume":"8","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, H. et al. Probiotics synergized with conventional regimen in managing Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Park. Dis. 8, 327 (2022).","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"65061_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.017400","volume":"8","author":"TLA Nguyen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nguyen, T. L. A., Vieira-Silva, S., Liston, A. & Raes, J. How informative is the mouse for human gut microbiota research?. Dis. Model. Mech. 8, 1\u201316 (2015).","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"65061_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20903","volume":"15","author":"H Sokol","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sokol, H. et al. Low counts of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in colitis microbiota. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 15, 1183\u20131189 (2009).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"65061_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26307","volume":"30","author":"A Keshavarzian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keshavarzian, A. et al. Colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 30, 1351\u20131360 (2015).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"65061_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18928-1","volume":"11","author":"FC Pereira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pereira, F. C. et al. Rational design of a microbial consortium of mucosal sugar utilizers reduces Clostridiodes difficile colonization. Nat. Commun. 11, 1\u201310 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"65061_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-021-03293-2","author":"X Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Intragastric administration of casein leads to nigrostriatal disease progressed accompanied with persistent nigrostriatal\u2014intestinal inflammation activited and intestinal microbiota\u2014metabolic disorders induced in MPTP mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurochem. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-021-03293-2 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"65061_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.12.012","volume":"95","author":"K Takahashi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Takahashi, K. et al. Altered gut microbiota in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with motor complications. Park. Relat. Disord. 95, 11\u201317 (2022).","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"65061_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142937","volume":"14","author":"D Ratto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ratto, D. et al. The many ages of microbiome\u2013gut\u2013brain axis. Nutrients 14, 2937 (2022).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"65061_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316844","volume":"68","author":"P Perez-Pardo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perez-Pardo, P. et al. Role of TLR4 in the gut-brain axis in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A translational study from men to mice. Gut 68, 829\u2013843 (2019).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"65061_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004107","volume":"70","author":"J Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng, J. et al. A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 70, 2782\u20132858 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"65061_CR117","unstructured":"NIH. Probiotics: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. (2022). https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Probiotics-HealthProfessional. Accessed 10 June 2023."},{"key":"65061_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102999108","volume":"108","author":"JA Bravo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bravo, J. A. et al. Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 16050\u201316055 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"65061_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111067","volume":"155","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Polymannuronic acid prebiotic plus Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG probiotic as a novel synbiotic promoted their separate neuroprotection against Parkinson\u2019s disease. Food Res. Int. 155, 111067 (2022).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"65061_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2023.02.006","author":"Y Quan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quan, Y., Zhang, K. X. & Zhang, H. Y. The gut microbiota links disease to human genome evolution. Trends Genet. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tig.2023.02.006 (2023).","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"65061_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092057","volume":"10","author":"JM Nowak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nowak, J. M., Kopczy\u0144ski, M., Friedman, A., Koziorowski, D. & Figura, M. Microbiota dysbiosis in Parkinson disease: In search of a biomarker. Biomedicines 10, 1\u201316 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"65061_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.112","volume":"7","author":"J-C Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, J.-C. et al. Blockade of interleukin-6 receptor in the periphery promotes rapid and sustained antidepressant actions: A possible role of gut\u2013microbiota\u2013brain axis. Transl. Psychiatry 7, e1138 (2017).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"65061_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.104638","volume":"139","author":"L Peng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peng, L., Li, Z. R., Green, R. S., Holzman, I. R. & Lin, J. Butyrate enhances the intestinal barrier by facilitating tight junction assembly via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in Caco-2 cell monolayers. J. Nutr. 139, 1619\u20131625 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"65061_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11103","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11103","volume":"9","author":"Q Kong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kong, Q. et al. The autistic-like behaviors development during weaning and sexual maturation in VPA-induced autistic-like rats is accompanied by gut microbiota dysbiosis. PeerJ 9, e11103 (2021).","journal-title":"PeerJ"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65061-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65061-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65061-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T17:02:21Z","timestamp":1720112541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65061-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["65061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-65061-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15460"}}