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We used mixed-effects linear model to estimate longitudinal association between sarcopenic status and rate of change in 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scores, and used Cox regression model to estimate the association between sarcopenic status and incident depression (CES-D\u2009\u2265\u200910). Stratification analyses were performed when the interactions between sarcopenic status and covariates were significant. A total of 6522 participants were ultimately included. After adjusting for covariates, participants with possible sarcopenia (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.117; 95% CI 0.067 to 0.166; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and sarcopenia (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: 0.093; 95% CI 0.027\u20130.159;<jats:italic> P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) had a faster increase in CES-D scores compared with normal individuals. Interactions between smoking and sarcopenic status were significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). We found significantly positive associations of sarcopenic status with CES-D scores in nonsmokers, but not in current and past smokers. Besides, compared with normal participants, those with possible sarcopenia (HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.27) and sarcopenia (HR 1.28; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.46) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) had elevated risks of incident depression. Sarcopenia is associated with a faster increase in CES-D scores and increased risks of depression among Chinese middle-aged and older adults. Stronger associations between sarcopenia and trajectory of CES-D scores were found in nonsmokers than in smokers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65343-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T14:02:46Z","timestamp":1719928966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Associations between sarcopenia and depression in middle-aged and older adults: the moderating effect of smoking"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Feiyun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"65343_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30925-9","volume":"396","author":"T Vos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vos, T. et al. 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