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We aimed to demonstrate the capacity of a new photo-detection device to evaluate tear lactoferrin levels as a tool for differentiating systemic conditions associated with dry eye disease. Patients with non-Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s and Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome dry eye disease (n\u2009=\u200954 and n\u2009=\u200952, respectively) and controls (n\u2009=\u200911) were enrolled. All participants completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire. Tear collection was performed with Schirmer test, and tear break-up time was examined using a slit lamp. Tear lactoferrin was evaluated using our newly developed photo-detection device. The average lactoferrin concentration was significantly lower in samples from patients with non-Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s dry eye disease (0.337\u2009\u00b1\u20090.227\u00a0mg\/mL, n\u2009=\u200954) and Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome dry eye disease (0.087\u2009\u00b1\u20090.010\u00a0mg\/mL, n\u2009=\u200952) than in control samples (1.272\u2009\u00b1\u20090.54\u00a0mg\/mL, n\u2009=\u200911) (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Further, lactoferrin levels were lower in patients with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome dry eye disease than in those with non-Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s dry eye disease (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Our cost-effective, antibody-free, highly sensitive photo-detection device for evaluating tear lactoferrin levels can assist ophthalmologists in differentiating different types of dry eye diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65487-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T08:40:54Z","timestamp":1719218454000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Fluorescence-based reagent and spectrum-based optical reader for lactoferrin detection in tears: differentiating Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome from non-Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s dry eye syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chia-Ying","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chitsung","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Yen","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tso-Ting","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Wen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Yo","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-Min","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"65487_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1407936","volume":"378","author":"JA Clayton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clayton, J. 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