{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T23:11:31Z","timestamp":1793747491752,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]],"date-time":"2024-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]],"date-time":"2024-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vaginitis, a prevalent gynecological condition in women, is mainly caused by an imbalance in the vaginal micro-ecology. The two most common types of vaginitis are vaginal bacteriosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis, triggered by the virulent <jats:italic>Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>, respectively. In this study, a strain capable of inhibiting <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> was screened from vaginal secretions and identified as <jats:italic>Lactobacillus gasseri<\/jats:italic> based on 16S rRNA sequences. The strain, named <jats:italic>L. gasseri<\/jats:italic> VHProbi E09, could inhibit the growth of <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> under co-culture conditions by 99.07%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.26% and 99.95%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01%, respectively. In addition, it could significantly inhibit the adhesion of these pathogens to vaginal epithelial cells. The strain further showed the ability to inhibit the enteropathogenic bacteria <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Salmonella enteritidis<\/jats:italic>, to tolerate artificial gastric and intestinal fluids and to adhere to intestinal Caco-2 cells. These results suggest that <jats:italic>L. gasseri<\/jats:italic> VHProbi E09 holds promise for clinical trials and animal studies whether administered orally or directly into the vagina. Whole-genome analysis also revealed a genome consisting of 1752 genes for <jats:italic>L. gasseri<\/jats:italic> VHProbi E09, with subsequent analyses identifying seven genes related to adhesion and three genes related to bacteriocins. These adhesion- and bacteriocin-related genes provide a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism of bacterial inhibition of the strain. The research conducted in this study suggests that <jats:italic>L. gasseri<\/jats:italic> VHProbi E09 may be considered as a potential probiotic, and further research can delve deeper into its efficacy as an agent which can restore a healthy vaginal ecosystem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65550-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]],"date-time":"2024-06-23T05:01:22Z","timestamp":1719118882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Characterization of a Lactobacillus gasseri strain as a probiotic for female vaginitis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jingyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tishuang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"65550_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0291-2","volume":"8","author":"J Ravel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ravel, J. & Brotman, R. M. Translating the vaginal microbiome: gaps and challenges. Genome Med. 8, 35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13073-016-0291-2 (2016).","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"65550_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-83","volume":"12","author":"V Jespers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jespers, V. et al. Quantification of bacterial species of the vaginal microbiome in different groups of women, using nucleic acid amplification tests. BMC Microbiol. 12, 83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2180-12-83 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"65550_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.69.1.97-101.2003","volume":"69","author":"JP Burton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Burton, J. P., Cadieux, P. A. & Reid, G. Improved understanding of the bacterial vaginal microbiota of women before and after probiotic instillation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 97\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.69.1.97-101.2003 (2003).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"65550_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00354.x","volume":"15","author":"G Reid","year":"1996","unstructured":"Reid, G., McGroarty, J. A., Tomeczek, L. & Bruce, A. W. Identification and plasmid profiles of Lactobacillus species from the vagina of 100 healthy women. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 15, 23\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00354.x (1996).","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"65550_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01412.x","volume":"114","author":"H Kiss","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kiss, H. et al. Vaginal Lactobacillus microbiota of healthy women in the late first trimester of pregnancy. BJOG Int. J. Obstetr. Gynaecol. 114, 1402\u20131407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01412.x (2007).","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstetr. Gynaecol."},{"key":"65550_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2011.10.002","volume":"160","author":"L Petricevic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Petricevic, L. et al. Characterisation of the oral, vaginal and rectal Lactobacillus flora in healthy pregnant and postmenopausal women. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 160, 93\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2011.10.002 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"65550_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-014-0414-5","volume":"68","author":"S Kovachev","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kovachev, S. Obstetric and gynecological diseases and complications resulting from vaginal dysbacteriosis. Microb. Ecol. 68, 173\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00248-014-0414-5 (2014).","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"65550_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00081","volume":"6","author":"MI Petrova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petrova, M. I., Lievens, E., Malik, S., Imholz, N. & Lebeer, S. Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health. Front. Physiol. 6, 81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2015.00081 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"65550_CR9","first-page":"229","volume":"36","author":"P Mastromarino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mastromarino, P., Vitali, B. & Mosca, L. Bacterial vaginosis: A review on clinical trials with probiotics. New Microbiol. 36, 229\u2013238 (2013).","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"65550_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91112-9","volume":"74","author":"R Amsel","year":"1983","unstructured":"Amsel, R. et al. Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am. J. Med. 74, 14\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91112-9 (1983).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"65550_CR11","volume-title":"Bacterial Vaginosis","author":"NKM Garg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garg, N. K. M. Bacterial Vaginosis (StatPearls, 2023)."},{"key":"65550_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aog.0000145752.97999.67","volume":"105","author":"RE Gutman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gutman, R. E., Peipert, J. F., Weitzen, S. & Blume, J. Evaluation of clinical methods for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis. Obstetr. Gynecol. 105, 551\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.aog.0000145752.97999.67 (2005).","journal-title":"Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"65550_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000183594.45524.d2","volume":"106","author":"A Swidsinski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Swidsinski, A. et al. Adherent biofilms in bacterial vaginosis. Obstetr. Gynecol. 106, 1013\u20131023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.AOG.0000183594.45524.d2 (2005).","journal-title":"Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"65550_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S148","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.supplement_1.s148","volume":"14","author":"JD Sobel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sobel, J. D. Pathogenesis and treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 14(Suppl 1), S148\u2013S153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinids\/14.supplement_1.s148 (1992).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"65550_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(98)80001-x","volume":"178","author":"JD Sobel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sobel, J. D. et al. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations. Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol. 178, 203\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9378(98)80001-x (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"65550_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01033","volume":"10","author":"T Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, T., Liu, Z., Zhang, X., Chen, X. & Wang, S. Local probiotic Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii exhibit strong antifungal effects against vulvovaginal candidiasis in a rat model. Front. Microbiol. 10, 1033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01033 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"65550_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.039354-0","volume":"156","author":"MM Harriott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harriott, M. M., Lilly, E. A., Rodriguez, T. E., Fidel, P. L. & Noverr, M. C. Candida albicans forms biofilms on the vaginal mucosa. Microbiology (Reading, England) 156, 3635\u20133644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.039354-0 (2010).","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading, England)"},{"key":"65550_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.09.001","volume":"222","author":"CM Neal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Neal, C. M., Kus, L. H., Eckert, L. O. & Peipert, J. F. Noncandidal vaginitis: A comprehensive approach to diagnosis and management. Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol. 222, 114\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.09.001 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"65550_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw159","volume":"214","author":"CS Bradshaw","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bradshaw, C. S. & Sobel, J. D. Current treatment of bacterial vaginosis-limitations and need for innovation. J. Infect. Dis. 214(Suppl 1), S14\u2013S20 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"65550_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-021-00522-9","volume":"18","author":"MC Masone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Masone, M. C. Ibrexafungerp to treat acute vulvovaginal candidiasis. Nat. Rev. Urol. 18, 638\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41585-021-00522-9 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"65550_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1067\/s0002-9378(03)00726-9","volume":"189","author":"JD Sobel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sobel, J. D., Chaim, W., Nagappan, V. & Leaman, D. Treatment of vaginitis caused by Candida glabrata: Use of topical boric acid and flucytosine. Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol. 189, 1297\u20131300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/s0002-9378(03)00726-9 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"65550_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.08.011","volume":"222","author":"YM Komesu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Komesu, Y. M. et al. Defining the relationship between vaginal and urinary microbiomes. Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol. 222, 151\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.08.011 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"65550_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2006.12.004","volume":"21","author":"SS Witkin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Witkin, S. S., Linhares, I. M. & Giraldo, P. Bacterial flora of the female genital tract: Function and immune regulation. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstetr. Gynaecol. 21, 347\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2006.12.004 (2007).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstetr. Gynaecol."},{"key":"65550_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2473","volume":"9","author":"G Reid","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reid, G. et al. Microbiota restoration: Natural and supplemented recovery of human microbial communities. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 9, 27\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro2473 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"65550_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00284","volume":"7","author":"Y He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He, Y. et al. Evaluation of the inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus crispatus on the adhesion of seven common lower genital tract infection-causing pathogens to vaginal epithelial cells. Front. Med. 7, 284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.00284 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"65550_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2017.1399992","volume":"38","author":"A Cianci","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cianci, A. et al. Observational prospective study on Lactobacillus plantarum P 17630 in the prevention of vaginal infections, during and after systemic antibiotic therapy or in women with recurrent vaginal or genitourinary infections. J. Obstetr. Gynaecol. 38, 693\u2013696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443615.2017.1399992 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Obstetr. Gynaecol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"65550_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1097\/mcg.0000000000000225","volume":"48","author":"F Murina","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murina, F., Graziottin, A., Vicariotto, F. & De Seta, F. Can Lactobacillus fermentum LF10 and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA02 in a slow-release vaginal product be useful for prevention of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis?: A clinical study. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 48(Suppl 1), S102\u2013S105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mcg.0000000000000225 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"65550_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181a74924","volume":"36","author":"A Hemmerling","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hemmerling, A. et al. Phase 1 dose-ranging safety trial of Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 for the prevention of bacterial vaginosis. Sexually Transm. Dis. 36, 564\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181a74924 (2009).","journal-title":"Sexually Transm. Dis."},{"key":"65550_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir183","volume":"52","author":"AE Stapleton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stapleton, A. E. et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of a Lactobacillus crispatus probiotic given intravaginally for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 52, 1212\u20131217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cir183 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"65550_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20170404","volume":"6","author":"R Shamshu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shamshu, R., Vaman, J. & Nirmala, C. Role of probiotics in lower reproductive tract infection in women of age group 18 to 45 years. Int. J. Reprod. Contracept. Obstetr. Gynecol. 6(2), 671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20170404 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Contracept. Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"65550_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/lgt.0000000000000518","volume":"24","author":"H Reznichenko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reznichenko, H. et al. Oral intake of lactobacilli can be helpful in symptomatic bacterial vaginosis: A randomized clinical study. J. Lower Genital Tract Dis. 24, 284\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lgt.0000000000000518 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Lower Genital Tract Dis."},{"key":"65550_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12883","volume":"62","author":"R Russo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Russo, R. & Superti, F. Randomised clinical trial in women with Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: Efficacy of probiotics and lactoferrin as maintenance treatment. Mycoses 62, 328\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/myc.12883 (2019).","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"65550_CR33","unstructured":"McInnes, P. Manual of Procedures for Human Microbiome Project Core Microbiome Sampling Protocol A, Version Number: 12.0 (ed National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2010)."},{"key":"65550_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000309","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1000309","volume":"13","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, J. & Duan, Z. Identification of a new probiotic strain, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum VHProbi(\u00ae) V38, and its use as an oral health agent. Front. Microbiol. 13, 1000309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1000309 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"65550_CR35","first-page":"23","volume":"86","author":"GB Hill","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hill, G. B., Eschenbach, D. A. & Holmes, K. K. Bacteriology of the vagina. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. Supplement. 86, 23\u201339 (1984).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. Supplement."},{"key":"65550_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1585","volume":"8","author":"Y Mao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mao, Y. & Zhang, X. Identification of antibacterial substances of Lactobacillus plantarum DY-6 for bacteriostatic action. Food Sci. Nutr. 8, 2854\u20132863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.1585 (2020).","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"65550_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285480","volume":"18","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Li, K., Bu, X., Cheng, S. & Duan, Z. Characterization of the anti-pathogenic, genomic and phenotypic properties of a Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus VHProbi M14 isolate. PloS ONE 18, e0285480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0285480 (2023).","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"65550_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.6.1142","volume":"165","author":"JA McGroarty","year":"1992","unstructured":"McGroarty, J. A., Tomeczek, L., Pond, D. G., Reid, G. & Bruce, A. W. Hydrogen peroxide production by Lactobacillus species: Correlation with susceptibility to the spermicidal compound nonoxynol-9. J Infect Dis 165, 1142\u20131144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/165.6.1142 (1992).","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"65550_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00433","volume":"10","author":"BR Beck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beck, B. R. et al. Whole genome analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from kimchi and determination of probiotic properties to treat mucosal infections by Candida albicans and Gardnerella vaginalis. Front. Microbial. 10, 433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00433 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Microbial."},{"key":"65550_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.06.027","volume":"35","author":"P Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen, P. et al. Screening for potential new probiotic based on probiotic properties and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Food Control 35, 65\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.06.027 (2014).","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"65550_CR41","first-page":"149","volume":"8","author":"M Millette","year":"2013","unstructured":"Millette, M., Nguyen, A., Amine, K. M. & Lacroix, M. Gastrointestinal survival of bacteria in commercial probiotic products. Int. J. Probiot. Prebiot. 8, 149\u2013156 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Probiot. Prebiot."},{"key":"65550_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2474","volume":"10","author":"CS Chin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chin, C. S. et al. Nonhybrid, finished microbial genome assemblies from long-read SMRT sequencing data. Nat. Methods 10, 563\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.2474 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"65550_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1993.tb00337.x","volume":"6","author":"JA McGroarty","year":"1993","unstructured":"McGroarty, J. A. Probiotic use of lactobacilli in the human female urogenital tract. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 6, 251\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1993.tb00337.x (1993).","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"65550_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0062221","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00622-21","volume":"6","author":"E McKloud","year":"2021","unstructured":"McKloud, E. et al. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a dynamic interkingdom biofilm disease of candida and Lactobacillus. mSystems 6, e0062221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSystems.00622-21 (2021).","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"65550_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0450-2","volume":"25","author":"JM Fettweis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fettweis, J. M. et al. The vaginal microbiome and preterm birth. Nat. Med. 25, 1012\u20131021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-019-0450-2 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"65550_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2016.04.007","volume":"79","author":"E Mousavi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mousavi, E. et al. In vitro adherence of Lactobacillus strains isolated from the vaginas of healthy Iranian women. J. Chin. Med. Assoc. JCMA 79, 665\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcma.2016.04.007 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc. JCMA"},{"key":"65550_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1139\/m88-171","volume":"34","author":"JA McGroarty","year":"1988","unstructured":"McGroarty, J. A. & Reid, G. Detection of a Lactobacillus substance that inhibits Escherichia coli. Can. J. Microbial. 34, 974\u2013978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/m88-171 (1988).","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbial."},{"key":"65550_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1986.tb03074.x","volume":"94","author":"A Skarin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Skarin, A. & Sylwan, J. Vaginal lactobacilli inhibiting growth of Gardnerella vaginalis Mobiluncus and other bacterial species cultured from vaginal content of women with bacterial vaginosis. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. Sect. B Microbiol. 94, 399\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1986.tb03074.x (1986).","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. Sect. B Microbiol."},{"key":"65550_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.2.251-256.1989","volume":"27","author":"DA Eschenbach","year":"1989","unstructured":"Eschenbach, D. A. et al. Prevalence of hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus species in normal women and women with bacterial vaginosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27, 251\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.27.2.251-256.1989 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"65550_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-012-0080-0","volume":"64","author":"R Campana","year":"2012","unstructured":"Campana, R., Federici, S., Ciandrini, E. & Baffone, W. Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 on the growth and adhesion\/invasion characteristics of human Campylobacter jejuni. Curr. Microbiol. 64, 371\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-012-0080-0 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"65550_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5402","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00185-11","volume":"77","author":"LJ Mappley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mappley, L. J., Tch\u00f3rzewska, M. A., Cooley, W. A., Woodward, M. J. & La Ragione, R. M. Lactobacilli antagonize the growth, motility, and adherence of Brachyspira pilosicoli: A potential intervention against avian intestinal spirochetosis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77, 5402\u20135411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.00185-11 (2011).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"65550_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250s","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.6.1250S","volume":"138","author":"ER Farnworth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Farnworth, E. R. The evidence to support health claims for probiotics. J. Nutr. 138, 1250s\u20131254s. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/138.6.1250S (2008).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"65550_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01708235","volume":"16","author":"IJ Rosenstein","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rosenstein, I. J. et al. Relationship between hydrogen peroxide-producing strains of lactobacilli and vaginosis-associated bacterial species in pregnant women. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 16, 517\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01708235 (1997).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"65550_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2005.02.003","volume":"16","author":"M Saxelin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saxelin, M., Tynkkynen, S., Mattila-Sandholm, T. & de Vos, W. M. Probiotic and other functional microbes: From markets to mechanisms. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 16, 204\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2005.02.003 (2005).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"65550_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02112.x","volume":"15","author":"P Mastromarino","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mastromarino, P. et al. Effectiveness of Lactobacillus-containing vaginal tablets in the treatment of symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 15, 67\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02112.x (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"65550_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3810-2","volume":"293","author":"N Recine","year":"2016","unstructured":"Recine, N. et al. Restoring vaginal microbiota: biological control of bacterial vaginosis A prospective case-control study using Lactobacillus rhamnosus BMX 54 as adjuvant treatment against bacterial vaginosis. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 293, 101\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-015-3810-2 (2016).","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65550-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65550-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65550-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T09:03:33Z","timestamp":1719392613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65550-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["65550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-65550-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14426"}}