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The air quality index (AQI), aggregate AQI, new health risk\u2013based air quality index (NHAQI), and NHAQI-WHO were employed to quantitatively evaluate the characterization of air pollution and the associated health risk in Gansu Province before (P-I) and after (P-II) COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicated that AQI system undervalued the comprehensive health risk impact of the six criteria pollutants compared with the other three indices. The stringent lockdown measures contributed to a considerable reduction in SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, CO, PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>; these concentrations were 43.4%, 34.6%, 21.4%, 17.4%, and 14.2% lower in P-II than P-I, respectively. But the concentration of O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> had no obvious improvement. The higher sandstorm frequency in P-II led to no significant decrease in the ER<jats:sub>total<\/jats:sub> and even resulted in an increase in the average ER<jats:sub>total<\/jats:sub> in cities located in northwestern Gansu from 0.78% in P-I to 1.0% in P-II. The cumulative distribution of NHAQI-based population-weighted exposure revealed that 24% of the total population was still exposed to light pollution in spring during P-II, while the air quality in other three seasons had significant improvements and all people were under healthy air quality level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65584-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T14:02:29Z","timestamp":1719410549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Characterization of air pollution and associated health risks in Gansu Province, China from 2015 to 2022"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bowen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxia","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengpeng","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanci","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongrui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linbo","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"65584_CR1","first-page":"279","volume":"116","author":"MR Miller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miller, M. 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