{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:09:02Z","timestamp":1790111342479,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGC2018-093854-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-093854-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU15\/01461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU15\/01461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["873927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["873927"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-106254RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-106254RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-122711NB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122711NB-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003741","name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Intense Research Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Intense Research Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003741","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this article, we present the findings of a comprehensive longitudinal social network analysis conducted on Twitter across four consecutive election campaigns in Spain, spanning from 2015 to 2019. Our focus is on the discernible trend of increasing partisan and ideological homogeneity within interpersonal exchanges on this social media platform, alongside high levels of networking efficiency measured through average retweeting. This diachronic study allows us to observe how dynamics of party competition might contribute to perpetuating and strengthening network ideological and partisan homophily, creating \u2018epistemic bubbles\u2019 in Twitter, yet showing a greater resistance to transforming them into \u2018partisan echo-chambers.\u2019 Specifically, our analysis reveals that the rise of a new radical right-wing party (RRP), Vox, has heightened ideological homogeneity among users across the entire ideological spectrum. However, this process has not been uniform. While users aligned with mainstream political parties consistently share content that reinforces in-party affinity, resulting in highly efficient \u2018epistemic bubbles,\u2019 the emergence of the RRP has given rise to a distinct group of users associated with the most extreme partisan positions, characterized by a notable proportion of out-partisan hostility content, which has fostered the creation of low-efficient 'partisan echo-chambers.'<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65688-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T13:02:47Z","timestamp":1720443767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["In-party love spreads more efficiently than out-party hate in online communities"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5685-7834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Martin-Gutierrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1092-3864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Robles Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0060-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Torcal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4373-603X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Losada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3949-8232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Mar\u00eda","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"65688_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615594620","volume":"26","author":"P Barber\u00e1","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barber\u00e1, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A. & Bonneau, R. Tweeting from left to right: Is online political communication more than an echo chamber?. Psychol. Sci. 26(10), 1531\u20131542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797615594620 (2015).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"65688_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2009.01452.x","volume":"59","author":"RK Garrett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Garrett, R. K. Politically motivated reinforcement seeking: Reframing the selective exposure debate. J. Commun. 59(4), 676\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2009.01452.x (2009).","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"65688_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3139\/9783446431164","volume-title":"The filter bubble: How the new personalized web is changing what we read and how we think","author":"E Pariser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pariser, E. The filter bubble: How the new personalized web is changing what we read and how we think (Penguin Books, 2012)."},{"issue":"2","key":"65688_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12571","volume":"65","author":"M Costa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Costa, M. Ideology, not affect: What Americans want from political representation. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 65(2), 342\u2013358 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Polit. Sci."},{"issue":"26","key":"65688_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2024292118","volume":"118","author":"S Rathje","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rathje, S., Van Bavel, J. J. & van der Linden, S. Out-group animosity drives engagement on social media. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 118(26), e2024292118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2024292118 (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"65688_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205630511876443","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305118764430","volume":"4","author":"G Enli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Enli, G. & Rosenberg, L. T. Trust in the age of social media: Populist politicians seem more authentic. Soc. Media Soc. 4(1), 2056305118764430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2056305118764430 (2018).","journal-title":"Soc. Media Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"65688_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2016.1265619","volume":"34","author":"M Haselmayer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haselmayer, M., Wagner, M. & Meyer, T. M. Partisan bias in message selection: Media gatekeeping of party press releases. Polit. Commun. 34(3), 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10584609.2016.1265619 (2017).","journal-title":"Polit. Commun."},{"key":"65688_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108890960.004","volume-title":"Social Media and Democracy, SSRC Anxieties of Democracy","author":"P Barber\u00e1","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barber\u00e1, P. Social media, echo chambers, and political polarization. In Social Media and Democracy, SSRC Anxieties of Democracy (eds Tucker, J. A. & Persily, N.) 34\u201355 (Cambridge University Press, 2020)."},{"key":"65688_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.12840\/ISSN.2255-4165.028","volume":"9","author":"L Terren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Terren, L. & Borge-Bravo, R. Echo chambers on social media: A systematic review of the literature. Rev. Commun. Res. 9, 99\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12840\/ISSN.2255-4165.028 (2021).","journal-title":"Rev. Commun. Res."},{"key":"65688_CR10","unstructured":"Ross Arguedas, A., Robertson, C., Fletcher, R. & Nielsen, R. Echo chambers, filter bubbles, and polarisation: a literature review. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 2022. Accessed 07 June 2024; https:\/\/ora.ox.ac.uk\/objects\/uuid:6e357e97-7b16-450a-a827-a92c93729a08"},{"key":"65688_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tucker, J. A. et al. Social media, political polarization, and political disinformation: A review of the scientific literature. Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY, SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3144139, Mar. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3144139.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3144139"},{"issue":"1","key":"65688_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/1940161219858687","volume":"25","author":"J Balcells","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balcells, J. & Padr\u00f3-Solanet, A. Crossing lines in the twitter debate on Catalonia\u2019s independence. Int. J. Press. 25(1), 28\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1940161219858687 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Press."},{"issue":"6239","key":"65688_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1160","volume":"348","author":"E Bakshy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bakshy, E., Messing, S. & Adamic, L. A. Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science 348(6239), 1130\u20131132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaa1160 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"65688_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr044","volume":"126","author":"M Gentzkow","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gentzkow, M. & Shapiro, J. M. Ideological segregation online and offline *. Q. J. Econ. 126(4), 1799\u20131839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qje\/qjr044 (2011).","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"issue":"11","key":"65688_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pgad346","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad346","volume":"2","author":"A Mekacher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mekacher, A., Falkenberg, M. & Baronchelli, A. The systemic impact of deplatforming on social media. PNAS Nexus 2(11), pgad346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad346 (2023).","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"issue":"3","key":"65688_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205630511666422","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305116664221","volume":"2","author":"C Vaccari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vaccari, C. et al. Of echo chambers and contrarian clubs: Exposure to political disagreement among German and Italian users of Twitter. Soc. Media Soc. 2(3), 2056305116664221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2056305116664221 (2016).","journal-title":"Soc. Media Soc."},{"key":"65688_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53404-x","author":"J Atienza-Barthelemy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Atienza-Barthelemy, J., Martin-Gutierrez, S., Losada, J. C. & Benito, R. M. Relationship between ideology and language in the Catalan independence context. Sci. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-53404-x (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"65688_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-022-09850-x","author":"X Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu, X., Wojcieszak, M. & Casas, A. Partisanship on social media: In-party love among American politicians, greater engagement with out-party hate among ordinary users. Polit. Behav. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11109-022-09850-x (2023).","journal-title":"Polit. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"65688_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215824401983270","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244019832705","volume":"9","author":"G Eady","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eady, G., Nagler, J., Guess, A., Zilinsky, J. & Tucker, J. A. \u2018How many people live in political bubbles on social media? Evidence from linked survey and twitter data. Sage Open 9(1), 2158244019832705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2158244019832705 (2019).","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"65688_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/23808985.2021.1976070","volume":"45","author":"E Kubin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kubin, E. & von Sikorski, C. The role of (social) media in political polarization: A systematic review. Ann. Int. Commun. Assoc. 45(3), 188\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23808985.2021.1976070 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Int. Commun. Assoc."},{"issue":"7888","key":"65688_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04167-x","volume":"600","author":"I Waller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Waller, I. & Anderson, A. Quantifying social organization and political polarization in online platforms. Nature 600(7888), 264\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-04167-x (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"65688_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1017\/epi.2018.32","volume":"17","author":"CT Nguyen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nguyen, C. T. Echo chambers and epistemic bubbles. Episteme 17(2), 141\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/epi.2018.32 (2020).","journal-title":"Episteme"},{"key":"65688_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv18zhdhg","volume-title":"Breaking the Social Media Prism How to Make Our Platforms Less Polarizing","author":"C Bail","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bail, C. Breaking the Social Media Prism How to Make Our Platforms Less Polarizing 2021 (Princeton University Press, 2021)."},{"key":"65688_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Falkenberg, M., Zollo, F., Quattrociocchi, W., Pfeffer, J. & Baronchelli, A. Affective and interactional polarization align across countries. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2311.18535 (2023)","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2311.18535"},{"key":"65688_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2020.102203","volume":"69","author":"E Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, E., Anduiza, E. & Rico, G. Affective polarization and the salience of elections. Elect. Stud. 69, 102203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electstud.2020.102203 (2021).","journal-title":"Elect. Stud."},{"key":"65688_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19331681.2014.895691","author":"B Bimber","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bimber, B. Digital media in the obama campaigns of 2008 and 2012: Adaptation to the personalized political communication environment. J. Inf. Technol. Polit. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19331681.2014.895691 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Polit."},{"key":"65688_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cardenal, A. S. \u2018Parties and ICTs: Analyzing party strategies to use the internet for political mobilization. In Global Strategy and Practice of E-Governance: Examples from Around the World 355\u2013376 (IGI Global, 2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/978-1-60960-489-9.ch020.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-60960-489-9.ch020"},{"key":"65688_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.01.025","volume":"34","author":"S Kruikemeier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kruikemeier, S. How political candidates use Twitter and the impact on votes. Comput. Hum. Behav. 34, 131\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2014.01.025 (2014).","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"7","key":"65688_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2014.993679","volume":"18","author":"DG Lilleker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lilleker, D. G., Tenscher, J. & \u0160t\u011btka, V. Towards hypermedia campaigning? Perceptions of new media\u2019s importance for campaigning by party strategists in comparative perspective. Inf. Commun. Soc. 18(7), 747\u2013765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2014.993679 (2015).","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"65688_CR30","volume-title":"Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign","author":"PF Lazarsfeld","year":"1954","unstructured":"Lazarsfeld, P. F., Berelson, B. R. & McPhee, W. N. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign (University of Chicago Press, 1954)."},{"key":"65688_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674497764","volume-title":"The Responsible Electorate: Rationality in Presidential Voting, 1936\u20131960","author":"VO Key Jr","year":"1966","unstructured":"Key, V. O. Jr. The Responsible Electorate: Rationality in Presidential Voting, 1936\u20131960 (Harvard University Press, 1966). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4159\/harvard.9780674497764."},{"issue":"3","key":"65688_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1177\/1354068817724174","volume":"25","author":"M Haselmayer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haselmayer, M., Meyer, T. M. & Wagner, M. Fighting for attention: Media coverage of negative campaign messages. Party Polit. 25(3), 412\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1354068817724174 (2019).","journal-title":"Party Polit."},{"key":"65688_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2018.1444783","author":"MA Beam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beam, M. A., Hutchens, M. J. & Hmielowski, J. D. Facebook news and (de)polarization: Reinforcing spirals in the 2016 US election. Inf. Commun. Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2018.1444783 (2018).","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"65688_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.2.043117","volume":"2","author":"G De Marzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Marzo, G., Zaccaria, A. & Castellano, C. Emergence of polarization in a voter model with personalized information. Phys. Rev. Res. 2(4), 043117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.2.043117 (2020).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Res."},{"key":"65688_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.09.031","volume":"104","author":"BK Johnson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnson, B. K., Neo, R. L., Heijnen, M. E. M., Smits, L. & van Veen, C. Issues, involvement, and influence: Effects of selective exposure and sharing on polarization and participation. Comput. Hum. Behav. 104, 106155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2019.09.031 (2020).","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"65688_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci13060292","author":"S Acampa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Acampa, S. & Nunziata, F. The Discursive dimensions of pernicious polarization. Analysis of right-wing populists in Western Europe on Twitter. Soc. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci13060292 (2024).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"65688_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022381607080139","volume":"70","author":"S Iyengar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Iyengar, S., Hahn, K. S., Krosnick, J. A. & Walker, J. Selective exposure to campaign communication: The role of anticipated agreement and issue public membership. J. Polit. 70(1), 186\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022381607080139 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Polit."},{"issue":"3","key":"65688_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.3.339","volume":"129","author":"JT Jost","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W. & Sulloway, F. J. Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychol. Bull. 129(3), 339\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.129.3.339 (2003).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"65688_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adms.2014.08.005","volume-title":"Advances in Motivation Science","author":"JT Jost","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jost, J. T. & Krochik, M. Ideological differences in epistemic motivation: implications for attitude structure, depth of information processing, susceptibility to persuasion, and stereotyping. In Advances in Motivation Science Vol. 1 (ed. Elliot, A. J.) 181\u2013231 (Elsevier, 2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.adms.2014.08.005."},{"issue":"4","key":"65688_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59837","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059837","volume":"8","author":"HH Nam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nam, H. H., Jost, J. T. & Bavel, J. J. V. Not for all the tea in China! Political ideology and the avoidance of dissonance-arousing situations. PLOS ONE 8(4), e59837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0059837 (2013).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"65688_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-010-9112-2","volume":"32","author":"B Nyhan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nyhan, B. & Reifler, J. When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Polit. Behav. 32(2), 303\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11109-010-9112-2 (2010).","journal-title":"Polit. Behav."},{"issue":"9","key":"65688_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167214537834","volume":"40","author":"C Stern","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stern, C., West, T. V., Jost, J. T. & Rule, N. O. \u201cDitto heads\u201d: Do conservatives perceive greater consensus within their ranks than liberals?. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 40(9), 1162\u20131177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167214537834 (2014).","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"65688_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2005.12.008","volume":"43","author":"MA Hogg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hogg, M. A., Sherman, D. K., Dierselhuis, J., Maitner, A. T. & Moffitt, G. Uncertainty, entitativity, and group identification. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 43(1), 135\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2005.12.008 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"65688_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x","volume":"59","author":"S Iyengar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Iyengar, S. & Hahn, K. S. Red media, blue media: Evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. J. Commun. 59(1), 19\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x (2009).","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"65688_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500005271","volume":"8","author":"DM Kahan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kahan, D. M. Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection. Judgm. Decis. Mak. 8(4), 407\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1930297500005271 (2013).","journal-title":"Judgm. Decis. Mak."},{"issue":"3","key":"65688_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650209333030","volume":"36","author":"S Knobloch-Westerwick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Knobloch-Westerwick, S. & Meng, J. Looking the other way: Selective exposure to attitude-consistent and counterattitudinal political information. Commun. Res. 36(3), 426\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650209333030 (2009).","journal-title":"Commun. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"65688_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716214555474","volume":"658","author":"EC Nisbet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nisbet, E. C., Cooper, K. E. & Garrett, R. K. The partisan brain: How dissonant science messages lead conservatives and liberals to (Dis)trust science. Ann. Am. Acad. Pol. Soc. Sci. 658(1), 36\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0002716214555474 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Acad. Pol. Soc. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"65688_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12166","volume":"21","author":"J Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Why are \u201cothers\u201d so polarized? perceived political polarization and media use in 10 countries. J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun. 21(5), 349\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcc4.12166 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun."},{"key":"65688_CR49","first-page":"474","volume-title":"Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations","author":"H Tajfel","year":"1978","unstructured":"Tajfel, H. Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations 474 (Academic Press, 1978)."},{"key":"65688_CR50","first-page":"276","volume-title":"Political Psychology Key readings in Social Psychology","author":"H Tajfel","year":"1979","unstructured":"Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In Political Psychology Key readings in Social Psychology (eds Jost, J. T. & Sidanius, J.) 276\u2013293 (Psychology Press, 1979)."},{"key":"65688_CR51","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-categorization Theory","author":"JC Turner","year":"1987","unstructured":"Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D. & Wetherell, M. S. Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. In Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-categorization Theory (ed. Maines, David R.) 239 (Basil Blackwell, 1987)."},{"key":"65688_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316161579.005","volume-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice","author":"MB Brewer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brewer, M. B. \u2018Intergroup discrimination: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? In The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice (eds Sibley, C. G. & Barlow, F. K.) 90\u2013110 (Cambridge University Press, 2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781316161579.005."},{"issue":"4","key":"65688_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-020-09599-1","volume":"43","author":"A Bankert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bankert, A. Negative and positive partisanship in the 2016 U.S. presidential elections. Polit. Behav. 43(4), 1467\u20131485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11109-020-09599-1 (2021).","journal-title":"Polit. Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"65688_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12628","volume":"66","author":"N Dias","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dias, N. & Lelkes, Y. The nature of affective polarization: Disentangling policy disagreement from partisan identity. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 66(3), 775\u2013790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajps.12628 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Polit. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"65688_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfs038","volume":"76","author":"S Iyengar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iyengar, S., Sood, G. & Lelkes, Y. Affect, not ideology: A social identity perspective on polarization. Public Opin. Q. 76(3), 405\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/poq\/nfs038 (2012).","journal-title":"Public Opin. Q."},{"issue":"3","key":"65688_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12152","volume":"59","author":"S Iyengar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iyengar, S. & Westwood, S. J. Fear and loathing across party lines: New evidence on group polarization. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 59(3), 690\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajps.12152 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Polit. Sci."},{"key":"65688_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226524689.001.0001","volume-title":"Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity","author":"L Mason","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mason, L. Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity (University of Chicago Press, 2018)."},{"issue":"2","key":"65688_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055423000485","volume":"118","author":"A Reiljan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reiljan, A., Garzia, D., Silva, F. F. D. & Trechsel, A. H. Patterns of affective polarization toward parties and leaders across the democratic world. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 118(2), 654\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0003055423000485 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. Polit. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"65688_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2020.102199","volume":"69","author":"M Wagner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wagner, M. Affective polarization in multiparty systems. Elect. Stud. 69, 102199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electstud.2020.102199 (2021).","journal-title":"Elect. Stud."},{"issue":"2","key":"65688_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-019-09557-6","volume":"43","author":"K Amira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amira, K., Wright, J. C. & Goya-Tocchetto, D. In-group love versus out-group hate: Which is more important to partisans and when?. Polit. Behav. 43(2), 473\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11109-019-09557-6 (2021).","journal-title":"Polit. Behav."},{"issue":"2","key":"65688_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1086\/688223","volume":"79","author":"Y Lelkes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lelkes, Y. & Westwood, S. J. The limits of partisan prejudice. J. Polit. 79(2), 485\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/688223 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Polit."},{"issue":"3","key":"65688_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00126","volume":"55","author":"MB Brewer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brewer, M. B. The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love and outgroup hate?. J. Soc. Issues 55(3), 429\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/0022-4537.00126 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"65688_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2015.11.001","volume":"41","author":"AI Abramowitz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abramowitz, A. I. & Webster, S. The rise of negative partisanship and the nationalization of U.S. elections in the 21st century. Elect. Stud. 41, 12\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electstud.2015.11.001 (2016).","journal-title":"Elect. Stud."},{"issue":"S1","key":"65688_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12487","volume":"39","author":"S Iyengar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iyengar, S. & Krupenkin, M. The strengthening of partisan affect. Polit. Psychol. 39(S1), 201\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pops.12487 (2018).","journal-title":"Polit. Psychol."},{"issue":"7","key":"65688_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1177\/0010414013488560","volume":"47","author":"M Medeiros","year":"2014","unstructured":"Medeiros, M. & No\u00ebl, A. The forgotten side of partisanship: negative party identification in four Anglo-American democracies. Comp. Polit. Stud. 47(7), 1022\u20131046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0010414013488560 (2014).","journal-title":"Comp. Polit. Stud."},{"issue":"3","key":"65688_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1080\/17457289.2014.997239","volume":"25","author":"RM McGregor","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGregor, R. M., Caruana, N. J. & Stephenson, L. B. Negative partisanship in a multi-party system: The case of canada. J. Elect. Public Opin. Parties 25(3), 300\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17457289.2014.997239 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Elect. Public Opin. Parties"},{"issue":"4","key":"65688_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1017\/S0008423914000882","volume":"48","author":"NJ Caruana","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caruana, N. J., McGregor, R. M. & Stephenson, L. B. The power of the dark side: negative partisanship and political behaviour in Canada. Can. J. Polit. Sci. Can. Sci. Polit. 48(4), 771\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0008423914000882 (2015).","journal-title":"Can. J. Polit. Sci. Can. Sci. Polit."},{"key":"65688_CR68","volume-title":"National Politics on Twitter: Small Share of U.S. Adults Produce Majority of Tweets","author":"A Hughes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hughes, A. & Asheer, N. National Politics on Twitter: Small Share of U.S. Adults Produce Majority of Tweets (Pew Research Center, 2019)."},{"issue":"38","key":"65688_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18888","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908369116","volume":"116","author":"S Soroka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Soroka, S., Fournier, P. & Nir, L. Cross-national evidence of a negativity bias in psychophysiological reactions to news. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 116(38), 18888\u201318892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1908369116 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"65688_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/1940161214524832","volume":"19","author":"M Trussler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trussler, M. & Soroka, S. Consumer demand for cynical and negative news frames. Int. J. Press. 19(3), 360\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1940161214524832 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"65688_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/15377857.2018.1491439","volume":"20","author":"A Nai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nai, A. Fear and loathing in populist campaigns? Comparing the communication style of populists and non-populists in elections worldwide. J. Polit. Mark. 20(2), 219\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15377857.2018.1491439 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Polit. Mark."},{"key":"65688_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvt9k3d3","volume-title":"Political Entrepreneurs: The Rise of Challenger Parties in Europe","author":"CE De Vries","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Vries, C. E. & Hobolt, S. B. Political Entrepreneurs: The Rise of Challenger Parties in Europe (Princeton University Press, 2020)."},{"issue":"1","key":"65688_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/19331681.2020.1814929","volume":"18","author":"J Gelman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gelman, J., Wilson, S. L. & Sanhueza Petrarca, C. Mixing messages: How candidates vary in their use of Twitter. J. Inf. Technol. Polit. 18(1), 101\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19331681.2020.1814929 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Polit."},{"issue":"4","key":"65688_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444819893983","volume":"22","author":"S Boulianne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boulianne, S., Koc-Michalska, K. & Bimber, B. Right-wing populism, social media and echo chambers in Western democracies. New Media Soc. 22(4), 683\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444819893983 (2020).","journal-title":"New Media Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"65688_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2018.1426662","volume":"35","author":"J Kahne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kahne, J. & Bowyer, B. The political significance of social media activity and social networks. Polit. Commun. 35(3), 470\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10584609.2018.1426662 (2018).","journal-title":"Polit. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"65688_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2017.1334728","volume":"35","author":"S Stier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stier, S., Strohmaier, M., Lietz, H. & Bleier, A. Election campaigning on social media: Politicians, audiences, and the mediation of political communication on facebook and twitter. Polit. Commun. 35(1), 50\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10584609.2017.1334728 (2018).","journal-title":"Polit. Commun."},{"key":"65688_CR77","volume-title":"De votantes a Hooligans: La Polarizaci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica en Espa\u00f1a","author":"M Torcal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Torcal, M. De votantes a Hooligans: La Polarizaci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica en Espa\u00f1a (Catarata, 2023)."},{"issue":"4","key":"65688_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/13608746.2016.1198454","volume":"21","author":"L Orriols","year":"2016","unstructured":"Orriols, L. & Cordero, G. The breakdown of the spanish two-party system: The upsurge of podemos and ciudadanos in the 2015 general election. South Eur. Soc. Polit. 21(4), 469\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13608746.2016.1198454 (2016).","journal-title":"South Eur. Soc. Polit."},{"key":"65688_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpos.2021.688130","author":"J Rama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rama, J., Cordero, G. & Zag\u00f3rski, P. Three is a crowd? Podemos, ciudadanos, and Vox: The end of bipartisanship in Spain. Front. Polit. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpos.2021.688130 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Polit. Sci."},{"key":"65688_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003049227","volume-title":"VOX: The Rise of the Spanish Populist Radical Right","author":"J Rama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rama, J., Zanotti, L., Turnbull-Dugarte, S. J. & Santana, A. VOX: The Rise of the Spanish Populist Radical Right (Routledge, 2021)."},{"key":"65688_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2474736X.2020.1781543","author":"SJ Turnbull-Dugarte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Turnbull-Dugarte, S. J., Rama, J. & Santana, A. The Baskerville\u2019s dog suddenly started barking: Voting for VOX in the 2019 Spanish general elections. J. Polit. Res. Exch. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2474736X.2020.1781543 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Polit. Res. Exch."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"65688_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/13608746.2021.1911440","volume":"25","author":"L Orriols","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orriols, L. & Le\u00f3n, S. Looking for affective polarisation in spain: PSOE and podemos from conflict to coalition. South Eur. Soc. Polit. 25(3\u20134), 351\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13608746.2021.1911440 (2020).","journal-title":"South Eur. Soc. Polit."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"65688_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/13608746.2020.1756612","volume":"25","author":"P Simon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simon, P. The multiple spanish elections of april and May 2019: The impact of territorial and left-right polarisation. South Eur. Soc. Polit. 25(3\u20134), 441\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13608746.2020.1756612 (2020).","journal-title":"South Eur. Soc. Polit."},{"issue":"7","key":"65688_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1080\/01402382.2020.1761689","volume":"43","author":"T Rodon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodon, T. The Spanish electoral cycle of 2019: A tale of two countries. West Eur. Polit. 43(7), 1490\u20131512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01402382.2020.1761689 (2020).","journal-title":"West Eur. Polit."},{"issue":"4","key":"65688_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1080\/01402382.2020.1777504","volume":"44","author":"MS Mendes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mendes, M. S. & Dennison, J. Explaining the emergence of the radical right in Spain and Portugal: Salience, stigma and supply. West Eur. Polit. 44(4), 752\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01402382.2020.1777504 (2021).","journal-title":"West Eur. Polit."},{"issue":"4","key":"65688_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1386\/jmpr.14.4.291_1","volume":"14","author":"JH Parmelee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parmelee, J. H. Political journalists and Twitter: Influences on norms and practices. J. Media Pract. 14(4), 291\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1386\/jmpr.14.4.291_1 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Media Pract."},{"key":"65688_CR87","unstructured":"Statista Research Department, \u2018Number of monthly active X (formerly Twitter) users worldwide from 1st quarter 2010 to 1st quarter 2019\u2019, Statista. Accessed June 12, 2024. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/282087\/number-of-monthly-active-twitter-users\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"65688_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v9i1.14661","volume":"9","author":"P Metaxas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Metaxas, P. et al. What do retweets indicate? Results from User survey and meta-review of research. Proc. Int. AAAI Conf. Web Soc. Media 9(1), 658\u2013661 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Int. AAAI Conf. Web Soc. Media"},{"key":"65688_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69005-y","author":"S Martin-Gutierrez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martin-Gutierrez, S., Losada, J. C. & Benito, R. M. Impact of individual actions on the collective response of social systems. Sci. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-69005-y (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"65688_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2014.03.007","volume":"39","author":"AJ Morales","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morales, A. J., Borondo, J., Losada, J. C. & Benito, R. M. Efficiency of human activity on information spreading on Twitter. Soc. Netw. 39, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socnet.2014.03.007 (2014).","journal-title":"Soc. Netw."},{"key":"65688_CR91","volume-title":"Democracia de trincheras: Por qu\u00e9 votamos a quienes votamos","author":"L Orriols","year":"2023","unstructured":"Orriols, L. Democracia de trincheras: Por qu\u00e9 votamos a quienes votamos 1st edn. (Ediciones Pen\u00ednsula, 2023).","edition":"1"},{"issue":"178","key":"65688_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5477\/cis\/reis.178.61","volume":"178","author":"A Garmendia Madariaga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garmendia Madariaga, A., Lorenzo-Rodr\u00edguez, J. & Riera, P. Building blocks: Online political promiscuity in times of polarization in Spain. Rev. Esp. Investig. Sociol\u00f3gicas REIS 178(178), 61\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5477\/cis\/reis.178.61 (2022).","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Investig. Sociol\u00f3gicas REIS"},{"issue":"2","key":"65688_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4729139","volume":"22","author":"J Borondo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Borondo, J., Morales, A. J., Losada, J. C. & Benito, R. M. Characterizing and modeling an electoral campaign in the context of Twitter: 2011 Spanish Presidential election as a case study. Chaos Interdiscip. J. Nonlinear Sci. 22(2), 023138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.4729139 (2012).","journal-title":"Chaos Interdiscip. J. Nonlinear Sci."},{"key":"65688_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2413481","volume":"2018","author":"S Martin-Gutierrez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin-Gutierrez, S., Losada, J. C. & Benito, R. M. Recurrent patterns of user behavior in different electoral campaigns: A twitter analysis of the spanish general elections of 2015 and 2016. Complexity 2018, e2413481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/2413481 (2018).","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"issue":"4","key":"65688_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2017.11.001","volume":"34","author":"U Yaqub","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yaqub, U., Chun, S. A., Atluri, V. & Vaidya, J. Analysis of political discourse on twitter in the context of the 2016 US presidential elections. Gov. Inf. Q. 34(4), 613\u2013626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.giq.2017.11.001 (2017).","journal-title":"Gov. Inf. Q."},{"key":"65688_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v5i1.14126","author":"M Conover","year":"2011","unstructured":"Conover, M. et al. Political polarization on twitter. Proc. Int. AAAI Conf. Web Soc. Media https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/icwsm.v5i1.14126 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Int. AAAI Conf. Web Soc. Media"},{"issue":"S1","key":"65688_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfv045","volume":"80","author":"MS Levendusky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Levendusky, M. S. & Malhotra, N. (Mis)perceptions of Partisan Polarization in the American Public. Public Opin. Q. 80(S1), 378\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/poq\/nfv045 (2016).","journal-title":"Public Opin. Q."},{"key":"65688_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2023.113244","volume":"169","author":"S Martin-Gutierrez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martin-Gutierrez, S., Losada, J. C. & Benito, R. M. Multipolar social systems: Measuring polarization beyond dichotomous contexts. Chaos Solitons Fractals 169, 113244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chaos.2023.113244 (2023).","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65688-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65688-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65688-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T13:13:08Z","timestamp":1720444388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65688-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["65688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-65688-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15700"}}