{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T06:26:03Z","timestamp":1793341563600,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DST\/WOS-B\/HN-32\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/WOS-B\/HN-32\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["67\/5\/2020-DDI\/BMS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67\/5\/2020-DDI\/BMS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Probiotics offer a promising prophylactic approach against various pathogens and represent an alternative strategy to combat biofilm-related infections. In this study, we isolated vaginal commensal microbiota from 54 healthy Indian women to investigate their probiotic traits. We primarily explored the ability of cell-free supernatant (CFS) from <jats:italic>Lactobacilli<\/jats:italic> to prevent Uropathogenic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (UPEC) colonization and biofilm formation. Our findings revealed that CFS effectively reduced UPEC\u2019s swimming and swarming motility, decreased cell surface hydrophobicity, and hindered matrix production by downregulating specific genes (<jats:italic>fimA, fimH, papG,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>csgA<\/jats:italic>). Subsequent GC\u2013MS analysis identified Tryptamine, a monoamine compound, as the potent bioactive substance from <jats:italic>Lactobacilli<\/jats:italic> CFS, inhibiting UPEC biofilms with an MBIC of 4\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml and an MBEC of 8\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml. Tryptamine induced significant changes in <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> colony biofilm morphology, transitioning from the Red, Dry, and Rough (RDAR) to the Smooth and White phenotype, indicating reduced extracellular matrix production. Biofilm time-kill assays demonstrated a four-log reduction in UPEC viability when treated with Tryptamine, highlighting its potent antibacterial properties, comparable to CFS treatment. Biofilm ROS assays indicated a significant elevation in ROS generation within UPEC biofilms, suggesting a potential antibacterial mechanism. Gene expression studies with Tryptamine-treated samples showed a reduction in expression of curli gene (<jats:italic>csgA<\/jats:italic>), consistent with CFS treatment. This study underscores the potential of Tryptamine from probiotic <jats:italic>Lactobacilli<\/jats:italic> CFS as a promising antibiofilm agent against UPEC biofilms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65780-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T09:02:42Z","timestamp":1720083762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Biogenic amine tryptamine in human vaginal probiotic isolates mediates matrix inhibition and thwarts uropathogenic E. coli biofilm"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Veena G.","family":"Nair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. S.","family":"Srinandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. B. R. D.","family":"Rajesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhiviya","family":"Narbhavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Anupriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Prabhusaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saisubramanian","family":"Nagarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"65780_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0158-9","volume":"17","author":"H-C Flemming","year":"2019","unstructured":"Flemming, H.-C. & Wuertz, S. Bacteria and archaea on Earth and their abundance in biofilms. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17, 247\u2013260 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.03.016","volume":"28","author":"L Karygianni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karygianni, L., Ren, Z., Koo, H. & Thurnheer, T. Biofilm matrixome: Extracellular components in structured microbial communities. Trends Microbiol. 28, 668\u2013681 (2020).","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164446","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01468","volume":"6","author":"CS Srinandan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Srinandan, C. S., Elango, M., Gnanadhas, D. P. & Chakravortty, D. Infiltration of matrix-non-producers weakens the salmonella biofilm and impairs its antimicrobial tolerance and pathogenicity. Front. Microbiol. 6, 164446 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR4","first-page":"277","volume":"40","author":"CL Ventola","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ventola, C. L. The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1\u2014Causes and threats. Pharm. Ther. 40, 277\u2013283 (2015).","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"65780_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urols.2013.11.007","volume":"25","author":"M Glover","year":"2014","unstructured":"Glover, M., Moreira, C. G., Sperandio, V. & Zimmern, P. Recurrent urinary tract infections in healthy and nonpregnant women. Urol. Sci. 25, 1\u20138 (2014).","journal-title":"Urol. Sci."},{"key":"65780_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01543.x","volume":"12","author":"SM Soto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Soto, S. M. et al. Implication of biofilm formation in the persistence of urinary tract infection caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12, 1034\u20131036 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"65780_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-019-03027-8","volume":"38","author":"JN Walker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walker, J. N. et al. High-resolution imaging reveals microbial biofilms on patient urinary catheters despite antibiotic administration. World J. Urol. 38, 2237\u20132245 (2020).","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"65780_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-019-00526-1","volume":"11","author":"N Shanmugam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shanmugam, N. et al. Microbial functional amyloids serve diverse purposes for structure, adhesion and defence. Biophys. Rev. 11, 287\u2013302 (2019).","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"65780_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02802.x","volume":"43","author":"C Solano","year":"2002","unstructured":"Solano, C. et al. Genetic analysis of Salmonella enteritidis biofilm formation: Critical role of cellulose. Mol. Microbiol. 43, 793\u2013808 (2002).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2013.09.003","volume":"28","author":"B Foxman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Foxman, B. Urinary tract infection syndromes: Occurrence, recurrence, bacteriology, risk factors, and disease burden. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 28, 1\u201313 (2014).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"65780_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.022","volume":"25","author":"R Datta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Datta, R. & Juthani-Mehta, M. Antibiotic-sparing agents for uncomplicated cystitis: Uva-ursi and ibuprofen not ready for primetime. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 25, 922\u2013924 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"65780_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9390","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b00948","volume":"59","author":"L Mydock-McGrane","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mydock-McGrane, L. et al. Antivirulence C-mannosides as antibiotic-sparing, oral therapeutics for urinary tract infections. J. Med. Chem. 59, 9390\u20139408 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"65780_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens5010030","volume":"5","author":"CN Spaulding","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spaulding, C. N. & Hultgren, S. J. Adhesive pili in UTI pathogenesis and drug development. Pathogens 5, 30 (2016).","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"65780_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x","volume":"66","author":"R Fuller","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fuller, R. Probiotics in man and animals. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 66, 365\u2013378 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"65780_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.5.1294","volume":"135","author":"SJ Salminen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Salminen, S. J., Gueimonde, M. & Isolauri, E. Probiotics that modify disease risk. J. Nutr. 135, 1294\u20131298 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"65780_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00181","volume":"5","author":"E Amabebe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amabebe, E. & Anumba, D. O. C. The vaginal microenvironment: The physiologic role of Lactobacilli. Front. Med. 5, 1\u201311 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"65780_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00162.x","volume":"48","author":"F Atassi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Atassi, F., Brassart, D., Grob, P., Graf, F. & Servin, A. L. Lactobacillus strains isolated from the vaginal microbiota of healthy women inhibit Prevotella bivia and Gardnerella vaginalis in coculture and cell culture. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 48, 424\u2013432 (2006).","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5995","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33062-w","volume":"13","author":"K Keeratikunakorn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keeratikunakorn, K., Kaewchomphunuch, T., Kaeoket, K. & Ngamwongsatit, N. Antimicrobial activity of cell free supernatants from probiotics inhibits against pathogenic bacteria isolated from fresh boar semen. Sci. Rep. 13, 5995 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"65780_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.7454","volume":"15","author":"R Mirnejad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mirnejad, R., Vahdati, A. R., Rashidiani, J., Erfani, M. & Piranfar, V. The antimicrobial effect of lactobacillus casei culture supernatant against multiple drug resistant clinical isolates of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri in vitro. Iran. Red. Crescent Med. J. 15, 122 (2013).","journal-title":"Iran. Red. Crescent Med. J."},{"key":"65780_CR20","first-page":"301","volume":"9","author":"M Koohestani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koohestani, M., Moradi, M., Tajik, H. & Badali, A. Effects of cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5 and Lactobacillus casei 431 against planktonic form and biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus. Vet. Res. Forum 9, 301\u2013306 (2018).","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Forum"},{"key":"65780_CR21","first-page":"260","volume":"8","author":"D Abedi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abedi, D., Feizizadeh, S., Akbari, V. & Jafarian-Dehkordi, A. In vitro anti-bacterial and anti-adherence effects of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus on Escherichia coli. Res. Pharm. Sci. 8, 260\u2013268 (2013).","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"65780_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8020071","volume":"8","author":"Z Muhammad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muhammad, Z. et al. Assessment of the antimicrobial potentiality and functionality of Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from the conventional inner Mongolian fermented cheese against foodborne pathogens. Pathogens 8, 71 (2019).","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"65780_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7970463","volume":"2018","author":"MS Bin Masalam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bin Masalam, M. S. et al. Isolation, molecular characterization and probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria in Saudi raw and fermented milk. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2018, 1\u201312 (2018).","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"65780_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373335","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2024.1373335","volume":"3","author":"N Otaru","year":"2024","unstructured":"Otaru, N. et al. Intestinal bacteria-derived tryptamine and its impact on human gut microbiota. Front. Microbiomes 3, 1373335 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiomes"},{"key":"65780_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05470-4","volume":"9","author":"HM Roager","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roager, H. M. & Licht, T. R. Microbial tryptophan catabolites in health and disease. Nat. Commun. 9, 3294 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"65780_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0297-z","volume":"5","author":"MK Saraf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saraf, M. K. et al. Formula diet driven microbiota shifts tryptophan metabolism from serotonin to tryptamine in neonatal porcine colon. Microbiome 5, 77 (2017).","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"65780_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2019.03.019","volume":"27","author":"WT Barker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barker, W. T., Chandler, C. E., Melander, R. J., Ernst, R. K. & Melander, C. Tryptamine derivatives disarm colistin resistance in polymyxin-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 27, 1776\u20131788 (2019).","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"65780_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3390\/md17030167","volume":"17","author":"P-E Campos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Campos, P.-E. et al. New antimalarial and antimicrobial tryptamine derivatives from the marine sponge Fascaplysinopsis reticulata. Mar. Drugs 17, 167 (2019).","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"65780_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.03.080","volume":"87","author":"MA Malik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malik, M. A. et al. Probing the antibacterial and anticancer potential of tryptamine based mixed ligand Schiff base Ruthenium(III) complexes. Bioorg. Chem. 87, 773\u2013782 (2019).","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"65780_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11081074","volume":"11","author":"G Bahatheg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bahatheg, G. et al. Short tryptamine-based peptoids as potential therapeutics for microbial keratitis: Structure-function correlation studies. Antibiotics 11, 1074 (2022).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"65780_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fiaa214","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa214","volume":"97","author":"S Miryala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miryala, S., Nair, V. G., Chandramohan, S. & Srinandan, C. S. Matrix inhibition by Salmonella excludes uropathogenic E. coli from biofilm. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 97, fiaa214 (2020).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"65780_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2015.03.010","volume":"50","author":"C Caggia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caggia, C., De Angelis, M., Pitino, I., Pino, A. & Randazzo, C. L. Probiotic features of Lactobacillus strains isolated from Ragusano and Pecorino Siciliano cheeses. Food Microbiol. 50, 109\u2013117 (2015).","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1980.tb05599.x","volume":"9","author":"M Rosenberg","year":"1980","unstructured":"Rosenberg, M., Gutnick, D. & Rosenberg, E. Adherence of bacteria to hydrocarbons: A simple method for measuring cell-surface hydrophobicity. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 9, 29\u201333 (1980).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"65780_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenski, R. E., Rose, M. R., Simpson, S. C. & Tadler, S. C. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. I. Adaptation and divergence during 2, 000 Generations Author (s): Richard E. Lenski, Michael R. Rose, Suzanne C. Simpson and Scott C. Tadler Published by: The University of Chicago Press f. vol. 138, 1315\u20131341 (2016).","DOI":"10.1086\/285289"},{"key":"65780_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1771-1776.1999","volume":"37","author":"H Ceri","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ceri, H. et al. The Calgary biofilm device: New technology for rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of bacterial biofilms. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37, 1771\u20131776 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104445","volume":"148","author":"NS Sundaramoorthy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sundaramoorthy, N. S., Sivasubramanian, A. & Nagarajan, S. Simultaneous inhibition of MarR by salicylate and efflux pumps by curcumin sensitizes colistin resistant clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. Microb. Pathog. 148, 104445 (2020).","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"65780_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.11.3914-3919.1994","volume":"60","author":"J Cerning","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cerning, J. et al. Carbon source requirements for exopolysaccharide production by Lactobacillus casei CG11 and partial structure analysis of the polymer. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 3914\u20133919 (1994).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60111a017","volume":"28","author":"M DuBois","year":"1956","unstructured":"DuBois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A. & Smith, F. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem. 28, 350\u2013356 (1956).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"65780_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0202609","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202609","volume":"13","author":"J Ranfaing","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ranfaing, J., Dunyach-Remy, C., Lavigne, J.-P. & Sotto, A. Propolis potentiates the effect of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in reducing the motility and the biofilm formation of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS One 13, e0202609 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"65780_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak, K. J. & Schmittgen, T. D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT method. Methods 25, 402\u2013408 (2001).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"65780_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23647-2","volume":"12","author":"B Rathi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rathi, B. et al. Anti-biofilm activity of caffeine against uropathogenic E. coli is mediated by curli biogenesis. Sci. Rep. 12, 18903 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"65780_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.07.028","volume":"352","author":"I Cherny","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cherny, I. et al. The formation of Escherichia coli curli amyloid fibrils is mediated by prion-like peptide repeats. J. Mol. Biol. 352, 245\u2013252 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"65780_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289230","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02160","volume":"8","author":"S Paytubi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paytubi, S., Cansado, C., Madrid, C. & Balsalobre, C. Nutrient composition promotes switching between pellicle and bottom biofilm in salmonella. Front. Microbiol. 8, 289230 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02400-18","volume":"10","author":"CJ Beebout","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beebout, C. J. et al. Respiratory heterogeneity shapes biofilm formation and host colonization in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. mBio 10, 10\u2013128 (2019).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"65780_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dsm024","volume":"14","author":"ETE Niba","year":"2007","unstructured":"Niba, E. T. E., Naka, Y., Nagase, M., Mori, H. & Kitakawa, M. A genome-wide approach to identify the genes involved in biofilm formation in E. coli. DNA Res. 14, 237\u2013246 (2007).","journal-title":"DNA Res."},{"key":"65780_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roshni Amalaradjou, M. A. & Venkitanaray, K. Role of bacterial biofilms in catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) and strategies for their control. In Recent Advances in the Field of Urinary Tract Infections (InTech, 2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/55200.","DOI":"10.5772\/55200"},{"key":"65780_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17070979","volume":"17","author":"X Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang, X. et al. Subinhibitory concentrations of allicin decrease uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) biofilm formation, adhesion ability, and swimming motility. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17, 979 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"65780_CR48","first-page":"163","volume":"322","author":"JK Hatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hatt, J. K. & Rather, P. N. Role of bacterial biofilms in urinary tract infections. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 322, 163\u2013192 (2008).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"65780_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1996.311388.x","volume":"21","author":"DL Gally","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gally, D. L., Leathart, J. & Blomfield, I. C. Interaction of FimB and FimE with the fim switch that controls the phase variation of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli K-12. Mol. Microbiol. 21, 725\u2013738 (1996).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2015_1127","volume":"62","author":"W Adamus-Bia\u0142ek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adamus-Bia\u0142ek, W., Kubiak, A. & Czerwonka, G. Analysis of uropathogenic Escherichia coli biofilm formation under different growth conditions. Acta Biochim. Pol. 62, 765\u2013771 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"65780_CR51","first-page":"452","volume":"68","author":"N Jahandeh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jahandeh, N., Ranjbar, R., Behzadi, P. & Behzadi, E. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence genes: Invaluable approaches for designing DNA microarray probes. Cent. Eur. J. Urol. 68, 452\u2013458 (2015).","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Urol."},{"key":"65780_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms5020015","volume":"5","author":"D Fleming","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fleming, D. & Rumbaugh, K. Approaches to dispersing medical biofilms. Microorganisms 5, 15 (2017).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"65780_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.6.1958-1963.1996","volume":"62","author":"MM Velraeds","year":"1996","unstructured":"Velraeds, M. M., van der Mei, H. C., Reid, G. & Busscher, H. J. Inhibition of initial adhesion of uropathogenic Enterococcus faecalis by biosurfactants from Lactobacillus isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 1958\u20131963 (1996).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1086\/515635","volume":"178","author":"K Gupta","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gupta, K. et al. Inverse association of H2O2-producing Lactobacilli and vaginal Escherichia coli colonization in women with recurrent urinary tract infections. J. Infect. Dis. 178, 446\u2013450 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"65780_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.5.1237","volume":"171","author":"A Andreu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Andreu, A., Stapleton, A. E., Fennell, C. L., Hillier, S. L. & Stamm, W. E. Hemagglutination, adherence, and surface properties of vaginal lactobacillus species. J. Infect. Dis. 171, 1237\u20131243 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"65780_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2006.01934.x","volume":"43","author":"G Zarate","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zarate, G. & Nader-Macias, M. E. Influence of probiotic vaginal lactobacilli on in vitro adhesion of urogenital pathogens to vaginal epithelial cells. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 43, 174\u2013180 (2006).","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1086\/318070","volume":"183","author":"J Osset","year":"2001","unstructured":"Osset, J., Bartolom\u00e9, R. M., Garc\u00eda, E. & Andreu, A. Assessment of the capacity of Lactobacillus to inhibit the growth of uropathogens and block their adhesion to vaginal epithelial cells. J. Infect. Dis. 183, 485\u2013491 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"65780_CR58","first-page":"564","volume":"08","author":"S Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Antimicrobial compounds produced by vaginal Lactobacillus crispatus are able to strongly inhibit Candida albicans growth, hyphal formation and regulate virulence-related gene expressions. Front. Microbiol. 08, 564 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12071158","volume":"12","author":"G Batoni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Batoni, G. et al. Antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of lactobacilli strains against clinical isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa under conditions relevant to cystic fibrosis. Antibiotics 12, 1158 (2023).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"65780_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00112","volume":"4","author":"A Krasowska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krasowska, A. & Sigler, K. How microorganisms use hydrophobicity and what does this mean for human needs?. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 4, 112 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2008.03.013","volume":"30","author":"R Barrons","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barrons, R. & Tassone, D. Use of Lactobacillus probiotics for bacterial genitourinary infections in women: A review. Clin. Ther. 30, 453\u2013468 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"65780_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2002.01759.x","volume":"93","author":"P Mastromarino","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mastromarino, P. et al. Characterization and selection of vaginal Lactobacillus strains for the preparation of vaginal tablets. J. Appl. Microbiol. 93, 884\u2013893 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.115867","volume":"185","author":"A Aroutcheva","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aroutcheva, A. et al. Defense factors of vaginal lactobacilli. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 185, 375\u2013379 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"65780_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ftx043","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx043","volume":"75","author":"DG de Llano","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Llano, D. G. et al. Strain-specific inhibition of the adherence of uropathogenic bacteria to bladder cells by probiotic Lactobacillus spp. Pathog. Dis. 75, ftx043 (2017).","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"65780_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9267-9","volume":"10","author":"D Shokri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shokri, D. et al. The inhibition effect of lactobacilli against growth and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins 10, 34\u201342 (2018).","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"65780_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.20.3.549-560.1984","volume":"20","author":"JB Brooks","year":"1984","unstructured":"Brooks, J. B., Nunez-Montiel, O. L., Basta, M. T. & Hierholzer, J. C. Studies of stools from pseudomembranous colitis, rotaviral, and other diarrheal syndromes by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. J. Clin. Microbiol. 20, 549\u2013560 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.09.001","volume":"16","author":"BB Williams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williams, B. B. et al. Discovery and characterization of gut microbiota decarboxylases that can produce the neurotransmitter tryptamine. Cell Host Microbe 16, 495\u2013503 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"65780_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.89","volume":"7","author":"A Marcobal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marcobal, A. et al. A metabolomic view of how the human gut microbiota impacts the host metabolome using humanized and gnotobiotic mice. ISME J. 7, 1933\u20131943 (2013).","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"65780_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1989.tb07917.x","volume":"54","author":"H Chander","year":"1989","unstructured":"Chander, H., Batish, V. K., Babu, S. & Singh, R. S. Factors affecting amine production by a selected strain of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. J. Food Sci. 54, 940\u2013942 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"65780_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02772.x","volume":"100","author":"T Aymerich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aymerich, T. et al. Safety properties and molecular strain typing of lactic acid bacteria from slightly fermented sausages. J. Appl. Microbiol. 100, 40\u201349 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"65780_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1039\/b512615k","volume":"23","author":"SE O\u2019Connor","year":"2006","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, S. E. & Maresh, J. J. Chemistry and biology of monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis. Nat. Prod. Rep. 23, 532 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"65780_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.06.046","volume":"74","author":"C Wernicke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wernicke, C. et al. Cytotoxicity of \u03b2-carbolines in dopamine transporter expressing cells: Structure\u2013activity relationships. Biochem. Pharmacol. 74, 1065\u20131077 (2007).","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"65780_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.07.018","volume":"75","author":"WE Fantegrossi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fantegrossi, W. E., Murnane, K. S. & Reissig, C. J. The behavioral pharmacology of hallucinogens. Biochem. Pharmacol. 75, 17\u201333 (2008).","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"65780_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.004","volume":"23","author":"Y Bhattarai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhattarai, Y. et al. Gut microbiota-produced tryptamine activates an epithelial g-protein-coupled receptor to increase colonic secretion. Cell Host Microbe 23, 775-785.e5 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"65780_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.49530","author":"M Omote","year":"2023","unstructured":"Omote, M., Wakimoto, Y. & Shibahara, H. Possible role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor on human sperm motility regulation. Cureus https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.49530 (2023).","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"65780_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361304","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00680","volume":"9","author":"SL Christian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Christian, S. L. & Berry, M. D. Trace amine-associated receptors as novel therapeutic targets for immunomodulatory disorders. Front. Pharmacol. 9, 361304 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"65780_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54950","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054950","volume":"8","author":"I Wallrabenstein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wallrabenstein, I. et al. Human trace amine-associated receptor TAAR5 can be activated by trimethylamine. PLoS One 8, e54950 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"65780_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2001.0770","volume":"23","author":"SD Sivasubramaniam","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sivasubramaniam, S. D., Finch, C. C., Billett, M. A., Baker, P. N. & Billett, E. E. Monoamine oxidase expression and activity in human placentae from pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnancies. Placenta 23, 163\u2013171 (2002).","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"65780_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00201150","volume":"48","author":"DR Vincent","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vincent, D. R., Bradshaw, W. S., Booth, G. M., Seegmiller, R. E. & Allen, S. D. Effect of PCB and DES on rat monoamine oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, testosterone, and estradiol ontogeny. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 48, 884\u2013893 (1992).","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"65780_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19376","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000047117","volume":"117","author":"SA Scott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scott, S. A., Fu, J. & Chang, P. V. Microbial tryptophan metabolites regulate gut barrier function via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 117, 19376\u201319387 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"65780_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300234","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202300234","volume":"24","author":"M Siri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siri, M., Mangiarotti, A., V\u00e1zquez-D\u00e1vila, M. & Bidan, C. M. Curli amyloid fibers in Escherichia coli biofilms: The influence of water availability on their structure and functional properties. Macromol. Biosci. 24, 2300234 (2024).","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"65780_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00645-13","volume":"4","author":"C Hung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hung, C. et al. Escherichia coli biofilms have an organized and complex extracellular matrix structure. mBio 4, 10\u20131128 (2013).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"65780_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00028-18","volume":"82","author":"SA Tursi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tursi, S. A. & T\u00fckel, \u00c7. Curli-containing enteric biofilms inside and out: Matrix composition, immune recognition, and disease implications. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 82, 10\u20131128 (2018).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"65780_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-010-0245-4","volume":"649","author":"C Churro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Churro, C. et al. Effects of tryptamine on growth, ultrastructure, and oxidative stress of cyanobacteria and microalgae cultures. Hydrobiologia 649, 195\u2013206 (2010).","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"65780_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117864691983455","DOI":"10.1177\/1178646919834550","volume":"12","author":"EL Paley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paley, E. L. Diet-related metabolic perturbations of gut microbial shikimate pathway-tryptamine-tRNA aminoacylation-protein synthesis in human health and disease. Int. J. Tryptophan Res. 12, 117864691983455 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"key":"65780_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00141-11","volume":"2","author":"FC Fang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fang, F. C. Antimicrobial actions of reactive oxygen species. mBio 2, 10\u20131128 (2011).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"65780_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01887.x","volume":"304","author":"F Atassi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Atassi, F. & Servin, A. L. Individual and co-operative roles of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the killing activity of enteric strain Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC933 and vaginal strain Lactobacillus gasseri KS120.1 against enteric, uropathogenic and vaginosis-associated pathog. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 304, 29\u201338 (2010).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"65780_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7588","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.11.7588-7596.2005","volume":"73","author":"JA Snyder","year":"2005","unstructured":"Snyder, J. A. et al. Coordinate expression of fimbriae in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 73, 7588\u20137596 (2005).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"65780_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"uqac001","DOI":"10.1093\/femsml\/uqac001","volume":"3","author":"M Yoshida","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoshida, M., Thiriet-Rupert, S., Mayer, L., Beloin, C. & Ghigo, J.-M. Selection for nonspecific adhesion is a driver of FimH evolution increasing Escherichia coli biofilm capacity. microLife 3, uqac001 (2022).","journal-title":"microLife"},{"key":"65780_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10453","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10453","volume":"8","author":"N Tewawong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tewawong, N. et al. Distribution of phylogenetic groups, adhesin genes, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalized patients in Thailand. PeerJ 8, e10453 (2020).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"65780_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-1-22","volume":"1","author":"E-M Ant\u00e3o","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ant\u00e3o, E.-M., Wieler, L. H. & Ewers, C. Adhesive threads of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Gut Pathog. 1, 22 (2009).","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"65780_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.132","volume":"18","author":"BS Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao, B. S., Roundtree, I. A. & He, C. Post-transcriptional gene regulation by mRNA modifications. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 18, 31\u201342 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"65780_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.01.012","volume":"165","author":"F Pandolfi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pandolfi, F. et al. Searching for new agents active against Candida albicans biofilm: A series of indole derivatives, design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 165, 93\u2013106 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65780-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65780-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65780-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T10:09:31Z","timestamp":1720087771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-65780-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["65780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-65780-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15387"}}