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This study investigated the reliability and applicability of real-time and video-recorded pain assessment, and their agreement, in young, adult bulls undergoing surgical castration. Ten Nelore and nine Angus bulls underwent general anesthesia and surgical castration. Three-minute real-time observations and simultaneous videos were recorded at \u2212\u200948\u00a0h (M0), before sedation, under fasting (M1), after surgery, 3\u00a0h after sternal recumbency (M2), after rescue analgesia (M3) and at 24\u00a0h (M4). Animals received morphine (after M2), dipyrone (after M3), and flunixin meglumine after surgical castration (M4). Two trained evaluators assessed real-time (n\u2009=\u200995) and video-recorded time-points (n\u2009=\u200995) using the Unesp-Botucatu Cattle Pain Scale (UCAPS). Both assessment methods inferred \u2018very good\u2019 reliability (\u2265\u20090.81) with minimal bias, however, video-recorded assessment (4.33\u2009\u00b1\u20092.84) demonstrated slightly higher scores compared to real-time (3.08\u2009\u00b1\u20092.84). The results from this study suggest that UCAPS can be used in real-time or video-recorded to assess pain and guide analgesic therapy in cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65890-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T18:01:43Z","timestamp":1719943303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Real-time and video-recorded pain assessment in beef cattle: clinical application and reliability in young, adult bulls undergoing surgical castration"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rubia Mitalli","family":"Tomacheuski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice Rodrigues","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Henrique Esteves","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdiel","family":"Lopez-Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria Rocha","family":"Merenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stelio P. 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