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The endophthalmitis model was prepared by contaminating both eyes of 24 healthy adult male albino rabbits with a clinical isolate of\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The animals were randomly divided into eight groups (A-H) according to the treatment. Group A received 1\u00a0ml of ithmid kohl\/ZnONPs ointment, group B received 1\u00a0ml of ithmid kohl\/\n                    <jats:italic>Aloe vera<\/jats:italic>\n                    gel ointment, group C received 1\u00a0ml of ZnONPs\/\n                    <jats:italic>Aloe vera<\/jats:italic>\n                    gel ointment, and groups D, E, and F were treated with 1\u00a0ml of ithmid kohl solution (0.5\u00a0g\/ml in distilled water), 1\u00a0ml of ZnONPs (0.5\u00a0g\/ml) colloidal dispersion, and 1\u00a0ml of\n                    <jats:italic>Aloe vera<\/jats:italic>\n                    gel, respectively. Group G received 100\u00a0\u03bcl of a tetracycline antibiotic solution (final concentration: 16\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml), and group H received sterile distilled water (no treatment). In vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated against\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    using the agar well diffusion. The combination of ithmid kohl\/ZnONPs was the most effective formulation for treating endophthalmitis model in infected rabbits within 2\u00a0days. In vitro antibacterial assay confirmed the potential of the ithmid kohl\/ZnONPs formulation, which had the largest zone of inhibition (31\u00a0mm) among the compounds tested. The preparation of the ithmid kohl\/ZnONPs formulation and its in vivo experiment in albino rabbits for the treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis was an innovative approach that has shown promise and may potentially serve as a viable alternative in clinical practice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66341-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T14:02:20Z","timestamp":1720447340000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["In vivo and in vitro efficacy of the ithmid kohl\/zinc-oxide nanoparticles, ithmid kohl\/Aloe vera, and zinc-oxide nanoparticles\/Aloe vera for the treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shaimaa","family":"Obaid Hasson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasanain","family":"Kamil Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumod","family":"Abdul Kadhem Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hawraa K.","family":"Judi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sousan","family":"Akrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Saki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Adil Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Durah","family":"Fares Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"66341_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79139-8","volume":"11","author":"KJ Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, K. 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