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In this study,\u00a0we estimated the causal relationship of long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), CO, SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and ozone (O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) with mortality. Utilizing the data from\u00a0National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study, we applied a variant of difference-in-differences (DID) method with conditional Poisson regression and generalized weighted quantile\u00a0sum regression (gWQS) to investigate the independent and joint effects. Independent exposures to NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, CO, and SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> were causally associated with increased risks of total, nonaccidental, and cardiovascular mortality, while no evident associations with O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> were identified in the entire population. In gWQS analyses, an interquartile range-equivalent increase in mixture exposure was associated with a relative risk of 1.067 (95% confidence interval: 1.010\u20131.126) for total mortality, 1.067 (1.009\u20131.128) for nonaccidental mortality, and\u00a01.125 (1.060\u20131.193) for cardiovascular mortality, where NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was identified as the most significant contributor to the overall effect. This nationwide DID analysis provided causal evidence for independent and combined effects of NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, CO, SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> on increased mortality risks among the US general population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66951-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]],"date-time":"2024-07-13T17:01:55Z","timestamp":1720890115000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessing long-term effects of gaseous air pollution exposure on mortality in the United States using a variant of difference-in-differences analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziqing","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yixiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"66951_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-020-0124-2","volume":"3","author":"G Shaddick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shaddick, G., Thomas, M. 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