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This study aimed to develop an optimized protocol for callogenesis in<jats:italic>P. alkekengi<\/jats:italic>to obtain friable calluses with high biomass. The effect of different concentrations of picloram, casein hydrolysate (CH), basal media (Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg (B5)), and static magnetic field (SMF) were investigated on the callus induction and growth, signaling molecules, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Results showed that CH (200\u00a0mgL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and SMF4 mT for 90 min increased callus induction and fresh weight in<jats:italic>P. alkekengi<\/jats:italic>, while different concentrations of picloram reduced callogenesis. Hypocotyl explants showed various callogenesis and metabolic responses depending on the basal medium type. The 2B5 medium supplied with CH 200 (mgL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) induced friable and cream calluses with high biomass (0.62\u00a0g) compared to the MS medium (control). The maximum activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities was identified in the 2B5 medium and peroxidase in the 2MS medium. The highest total phenolic (129.44\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>DW) content and phenylalanine-ammonia lyase activity were obtained in the 2MS medium, and total withanolides (49.86\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0g<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>DW) and DPPH radical scavenging activity were observed in the 2B5 medium. The 2MS medium boosted the hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide levels, while their contents alleviated in the 2B5 medium, although these parameters were higher than the control. The findings of this study suggest that an effective protocol for successful callogenesis in<jats:italic>P. alkekengi<\/jats:italic>and the nutrient composition of culture medium by affecting the level of signaling molecules can control the antioxidant defense system and callus growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67191-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T16:06:36Z","timestamp":1721145996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Optimized medium composition in Physalis alkekengi callus culture altered nitric oxide level for inducing antioxidant enzyme activities and secondary metabolites"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Halimeh","family":"Hassanpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"67191_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11816-008-0059-2","volume":"2","author":"J Kumar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kumar, J. & Gupta, P. 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