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We propose to disrupt this paradigm by designing an ex vivo pump perfused human limb model. The novel model consists of taking a freshly amputated limb and incorporating it into an ex situ pump-perfused bypass system (akin to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation), circulating warmed, oxygenated blood. The circuit incorporates an introducer sheath and guiding catheter for intravascular imaging and X-ray angiography. Regular monitoring is performed using blood gas analysis, aiming for physiological parameters. The model maintains oxygen saturations\u2009&gt;\u200999% for the length of perfusion (up to 6-h). Clinical grade X-ray angiography, intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography have been successfully performed. Indocyanine green, a near-infrared fluorescent dye that localises to atherosclerotic plaque, has been injected into the system and left to circulate for 90-min. Fluorescence reflectance imaging of the dissected arterial bed confirmed uptake in areas of calcific atherosclerotic plaque on intravascular imaging. This is the first demonstration of an ex vivo pump-perfused \u201cliving\u201d limb experimental model of atherosclerosis, which shows promise for future studies in translational interventional imaging and molecular targeting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67635-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T01:03:02Z","timestamp":1722042182000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel translational model of atherosclerosis, the ex vivo pump-perfused amputated human limb model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Hartley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Afoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guiqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Hajhosseiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Hassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prakash","family":"Punjabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorian","family":"Haskard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Shalhoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramzi","family":"Khamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"67635_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.111.237693","volume":"32","author":"GS Getz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Getz, G. 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