{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T13:20:12Z","timestamp":1778592012749,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Science Foundation of Lanzhou University Second Hospital","award":["YJS-BD-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJS-BD-19"]}]},{"name":"The Science Foundation of Lanzhou University","award":["071100132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["071100132"]}]},{"name":"The Medical Innovation and Development Project of Lanzhou University","award":["lzuyxcx-2022-137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["lzuyxcx-2022-137"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67744-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T06:02:04Z","timestamp":1721368924000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The predictive value of ultrasound markers for pregnancy outcomes in recurrent pregnancy loss: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Cai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"67744_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"hoad002","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoad002","volume":"2023","author":"ESHRE Guideline Group on RPL","year":"2023","unstructured":"ESHRE Guideline Group on RPL et al. ESHRE guideline: Recurrent pregnancy loss: An update in 2022. Hum. Reprod. Open 2023(1), hoad002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hropen\/hoad002 (2023).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"67744_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00228-z","volume":"6","author":"E Dimitriadis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dimitriadis, E., Menkhorst, E., Saito, S., Kutteh, W. H. & Brosens, J. J. Recurrent pregnancy loss. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 6(1), 98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-020-00228-z (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"issue":"3","key":"67744_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu299","volume":"30","author":"AM Kolte","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kolte, A. M. et al. Terminology for pregnancy loss prior to viability: A consensus statement from the ESHRE early pregnancy special interest group. Hum. Reprod. 30(3), 495\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deu299 (2015).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"15","key":"67744_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1302417","volume":"369","author":"PM Doubilet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Doubilet, P. M. et al. Diagnostic criteria for nonviable pregnancy early in the first trimester. N. Engl. J. Med. 369(15), 1443\u20131451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1302417 (2013).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"67744_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des374","volume":"28","author":"AM Musters","year":"2013","unstructured":"Musters, A. M. et al. Supportive care for women with recurrent miscarriage: A survey to quantify women\u2019s preferences. Hum. Reprod. 28(2), 398\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/des374 (2013).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"1","key":"67744_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des352","volume":"28","author":"C Bottomley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bottomley, C. et al. Accurate prediction of pregnancy viability by means of a simple scoring system. Hum. Reprod. 28(1), 68\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/des352 (2013).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"1","key":"67744_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01218-z","volume":"28","author":"Y Ouyang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ouyang, Y., Peng, Y., Zhang, S., Gong, F. & Li, X. A simple scoring system for the prediction of early pregnancy loss developed by following 13,977 infertile patients after in vitro fertilization. Eur. J. Med. Res. 28(1), 237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-023-01218-z (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"67744_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12395","volume":"55","author":"N Stamatopoulos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stamatopoulos, N. et al. Prediction of subsequent miscarriage risk in women who present with a viable pregnancy at the first early pregnancy scan. Aust. N. Z. J. Obst. Gynaecol. 55(5), 464\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajo.12395 (2015).","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obst. Gynaecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"67744_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04936-0","volume":"22","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Automated prediction of early spontaneous miscarriage based on the analyzing ultrasonographic gestational sac imaging by the convolutional neural network: A case-control and cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 22(1), 621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-022-04936-0 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"8","key":"67744_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280218784726","volume":"28","author":"M van Smeden","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Smeden, M. et al. Sample size for binary logistic prediction models: Beyond events per variable criteria. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 28(8), 2455\u20132474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0962280218784726 (2019).","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"67744_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l869","volume":"364","author":"MC Magnus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Magnus, M. C., Wilcox, A. J., Morken, N. H., Weinberg, C. R. & H\u00e5berg, S. E. Role of maternal age and pregnancy history in risk of miscarriage: Prospective register based study. BMJ 364, l869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l869 (2019).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"67744_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.08.955","volume":"120","author":"RK Dhillon-Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dhillon-Smith, R. K. et al. Interventions to prevent miscarriage. Fertil. Steril. 120(5), 951\u2013954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.08.955 (2023).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"67744_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.943400","volume":"30","author":"TJ Lai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lai, T. J., Teng, S. W., Chang, C. K. & Huang, C. Y. Progesterone in pregnancy: Evidence-based strategies to reduce miscarriage and enhance assisted reproductive technology. Med. Sci. Monit. 30, e943400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/MSM.943400 (2024).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"issue":"19","key":"67744_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1813730","volume":"380","author":"A Coomarasamy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coomarasamy, A. et al. A randomized trial of progesterone in women with bleeding in early pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med. 380(19), 1815\u20131824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1813730 (2019).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"67744_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.12.006","volume":"223","author":"A Coomarasamy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coomarasamy, A. et al. Micronized vaginal progesterone to prevent miscarriage: A critical evaluation of randomized evidence. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 223(2), 167\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.12.006 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"67744_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-2002-z","volume":"18","author":"CW Ku","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ku, C. W. et al. Serum progesterone distribution in normal pregnancies compared to pregnancies complicated by threatened miscarriage from 5 to 13 weeks gestation: A prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 18(1), 360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-018-2002-z (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"67744_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04158-w","volume":"22","author":"W Deng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deng, W. et al. Prediction of miscarriage in first trimester by serum estradiol, progesterone and \u03b2-human chorionic gonadotropin within 9 weeks of gestation. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 22(1), 112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04158-w (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"67744_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1261-4","volume":"17","author":"SM Lek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lek, S. M. et al. Validation of serum progesterone <35nmol\/L as a predictor of miscarriage among women with threatened miscarriage. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 17(1), 78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-017-1261-4 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"4","key":"67744_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3390\/children11040422","volume":"11","author":"M Bataa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bataa, M., Abdelmessih, E. & Hanna, F. Exploring progesterone deficiency in first-trimester miscarriage and the impact of hormone therapy on foetal development: A scoping review. Children (Basel) 11(4), 422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11040422 (2024).","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"67744_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2023.11.003","volume":"34","author":"J Skogler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Skogler, J. et al. Association between human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pregnancy Hypertens. 34, 124\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preghy.2023.11.003 (2023).","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"issue":"3","key":"67744_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031380","volume":"23","author":"SP d\u2019Hauterive","year":"2022","unstructured":"d\u2019Hauterive, S. P. et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin and early embryogenesis: Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23(3), 1380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23031380 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"67744_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2016.03.007","volume":"135","author":"Y Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. Predictive value of serum \u03b2-hCG for early pregnancy outcomes among women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obst. 135(1), 16\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijgo.2016.03.007 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obst."},{"issue":"1","key":"67744_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58114-3","volume":"10","author":"L Detti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Detti, L. et al. Early pregnancy ultrasound measurements and prediction of first trimester pregnancy loss: A logistic model. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 1545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-58114-3 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"67744_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14467","volume":"37","author":"S Yoneda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yoneda, S. et al. A yolk sac larger than 5 mm suggests an abnormal fetal karyotype, whereas an absent embryo indicates a normal fetal karyotype. J. Ultrasound Med. 37(5), 1233\u20131241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jum.14467 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"67744_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der130","volume":"26","author":"GI Papaioannou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Papaioannou, G. I., Syngelaki, A., Maiz, N., Ross, J. A. & Nicolaides, K. H. Ultrasonographic prediction of early miscarriage. Hum. Reprod. 26(7), 1685\u20131692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/der130 (2011).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"3","key":"67744_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1988.7.3.129","volume":"7","author":"DA Nyberg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nyberg, D. A., Mack, L. A., Harvey, D. & Wang, K. Value of the yolk sac in evaluating early pregnancies. J. Ultrasound Med. 7(3), 129\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7863\/jum.1988.7.3.129 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"67744_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14725","volume":"46","author":"A Richardson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richardson, A. et al. Accuracy of first-trimester ultrasound in diagnosis of intrauterine pregnancy prior to visualization of the yolk sac: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obst. Gynecol. 46(2), 142\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/uog.14725 (2015).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obst. Gynecol."},{"issue":"2","key":"67744_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.02.025","volume":"223","author":"EA DeVilbiss","year":"2020","unstructured":"DeVilbiss, E. A. et al. Prediction of pregnancy loss by early first trimester ultrasound characteristics. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 223(2), 242.e1-242.e22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.02.025 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"10","key":"67744_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000490","volume":"72","author":"L Sagi-Dain","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sagi-Dain, L., Peleg, A. & Sagi, S. First-trimester crown-rump length and risk of chromosomal aberrations-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 72(10), 603\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000490 (2017).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"issue":"2","key":"67744_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2018.10.001","volume":"6","author":"J Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang, J. et al. Do specific ultrasonography features identified at the time of early pregnancy loss predict fetal chromosomal abnormality?\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis. Genes Dis. 6(2), 129\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gendis.2018.10.001 (2018).","journal-title":"Genes Dis."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76646-w","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-67744-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-67744-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-67744-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T16:13:34Z","timestamp":1729613614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-67744-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["67744"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-67744-w","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76646-w","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2024","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-76646-w","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-76646-w","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16657"}}