{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:24:51Z","timestamp":1793744691760,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K25HL168157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K25HL168157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL123915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL123915"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL141826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL141826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01HL153941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HL153941"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL091528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL091528"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3 OD023268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3 OD023268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01HL146980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HL146980"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL155749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL155749"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67835-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T21:01:44Z","timestamp":1721768504000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The metabolic role of vitamin D in children\u2019s neurodevelopment: a network study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Margherita","family":"De Marzio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Lasky-Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su H.","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto A.","family":"Litonjua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott T.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel S.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly R.","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"67835_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2005","volume":"144","author":"MS Durkin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Durkin, M. S. Increasing prevalence of developmental disabilities among children in the US: A sign of progress?. Pediatrics 144, 4 (2019).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"67835_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01530-y","volume":"7","author":"A Gidziela","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gidziela, A. et al. A meta-analysis of genetic effects associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and co-occurring conditions. Nat. Hum. Behav. 7, 642\u2013656 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"67835_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.05.004","volume":"43","author":"I Parenti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parenti, I., Rabaneda, L. G., Schoen, H. & Novarino, G. Neurodevelopmental disorders: From genetics to functional pathways. Trends Neurosci. 43, 608\u2013621 (2020).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"67835_CR4","first-page":"4781","volume":"2020","author":"C Data","year":"2020","unstructured":"Data, C. statistics on autism spectrum disorder|CDC. Centers Dis. Control Prevent. 2020, 4781\u20134792 (2020).","journal-title":"Centers Dis. Control Prevent."},{"key":"67835_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171400172X","volume":"45","author":"AJ Baxter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baxter, A. J. et al. The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders. Psychol. Med. 45, 601\u2013613 (2015).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"67835_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2696","volume":"15","author":"J Zeidan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeidan, J. et al. Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update. Autism Res. 15, 778\u2013790 (2022).","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"67835_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2014-0056","volume":"25","author":"S Bhat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhat, S., Acharya, U. R., Adeli, H., Bairy, G. M. & Adeli, A. Autism: Cause factors, early diagnosis and therapies. Rev. Neurosci. 25, 841\u2013850 (2014).","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"67835_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.23661","volume":"329","author":"T Hirota","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hirota, T. & King, B. H. Autism spectrum disorder: A review. JAMA 329, 157\u2013168 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"67835_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0135-7","volume":"6","author":"C Lord","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lord, C. et al. Autism spectrum disorder. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 6, 1\u201323 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"67835_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e325","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.25-6-e325","volume":"25","author":"J Fong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fong, J., Lewis, J., Lam, M. & Kesavan, K. Developmental outcomes after opioid exposure in the fetus and neonate. NeoReviews 25, e325\u2013e337 (2024).","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"key":"67835_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2024.112483","volume":"2024","author":"\u00c1E de Matos Reis","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Matos Reis, \u00c1. E. et al. Maternal nutrition and its effects on fetal neurodevelopment. Nutrition 2024, 112483 (2024).","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"67835_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3390\/children11050558","volume":"11","author":"F Jembere","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jembere, F. & Dewey, D. Prenatal Vitamin B12 and children\u2019s brain development and cognitive, language and motor outcomes: A scoping review. Children 11, 558 (2024).","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"67835_CR13","first-page":"288","volume":"88","author":"D Miclea","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miclea, D., Peca, L., Cuzmici, Z. & Pop, I. V. Genetic testing in patients with global developmental delay\/intellectual disabilities. A review. Clujul Med. 88, 288 (2015).","journal-title":"Clujul Med."},{"key":"67835_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e31804d683b","volume":"9","author":"GE Herman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Herman, G. E. et al. Genetic testing in autism: How much is enough?. Genet. Med. 9, 268\u2013274 (2007).","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"67835_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e3181ff67ba","volume":"13","author":"JH Miles","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miles, J. H. Autism spectrum disorders\u2014a genetics review. Genet. Med. 13, 278\u2013294 (2011).","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"67835_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.016","volume":"87","author":"SJ Sanders","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sanders, S. J. et al. Insights into autism spectrum disorder genomic architecture and biology from 71 risk loci. Neuron 87, 1215\u20131233 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"67835_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579420000620","volume":"33","author":"T Carlsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carlsson, T., Molander, F., Taylor, M. J., Jonsson, U. & B\u00f6lte, S. Early environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders\u2014a systematic review of twin and sibling studies. Dev. Psychopathol. 33, 1448\u20131495 (2021).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"67835_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-020-09345-y","volume-title":"Investigating the Impact of the Environment on Neurodevelopmental Disorder 1\u20132","author":"H Volk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Volk, H. & Sheridan, M. A. Investigating the Impact of the Environment on Neurodevelopmental Disorder 1\u20132 (Springer, 2020)."},{"key":"67835_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-017-0121-4","volume":"8","author":"A Modabbernia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Modabbernia, A., Velthorst, E. & Reichenberg, A. Environmental risk factors for autism: An evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Mol. Autism 8, 1\u201316 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"67835_CR20","volume":"5","author":"DW Eyles","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eyles, D. W. Vitamin D: Brain and behavior. J. Bone Miner. Res. Plus 5, e10419 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res. Plus"},{"key":"67835_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.12.002","volume":"119","author":"K Aagaard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aagaard, K. et al. High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in pregnancy and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the children at age 10: A randomized clinical trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 119, 362\u2013370 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"67835_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16998","volume":"113","author":"K Yasumitsu-Lovell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yasumitsu-Lovell, K. et al. Vitamin D deficiency associated with neurodevelopmental problems in 2-year-old Japanese boys. Acta Paediatr. 113, 119\u2013126 (2024).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"67835_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9409-0","volume":"18","author":"JJ Cannell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cannell, J. J. Vitamin D and autism, what\u2019s new?. Rev. Endocrine Metabol. Disord. 18, 183\u2013193 (2017).","journal-title":"Rev. Endocrine Metabol. Disord."},{"key":"67835_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12070611","volume":"12","author":"L Guiducci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guiducci, L. et al. Vitamin D status in children with autism spectrum disorders: Determinants and effects of the response to probiotic supplementation. Metabolites 12, 611 (2022).","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"67835_CR25","first-page":"106","volume":"16","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Research progress on the role of vitamin D in autism spectrum disorder. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 16, 106 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"67835_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239405","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00047","volume":"8","author":"E Ko\u010dovsk\u00e1","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ko\u010dovsk\u00e1, E., Gaughran, F., Krivoy, A. & Meier, U.-C. Vitamin-D deficiency as a potential environmental risk factor in multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, and autism. Front. Psychiatry 8, 239405 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"67835_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204353","volume":"14","author":"X Cui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cui, X. & Eyles, D. W. Vitamin D and the central nervous system: Causative and preventative mechanisms in brain disorders. Nutrients 14, 4353 (2022).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"67835_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S407731","volume":"2023","author":"X Ye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ye, X., Zhou, Q., Ren, P., Xiang, W. & Xiao, L. The synaptic and circuit functions of vitamin D in neurodevelopment disorders. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treatment 2023, 1515\u20131530 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treatment"},{"key":"67835_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0587-5","volume":"44","author":"AA Arastoo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arastoo, A. A. et al. Evaluation of serum 25-Hydroxy vitamin D levels in children with autism Spectrum disorder. Italian J. Pediatr. 44, 1\u20135 (2018).","journal-title":"Italian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"67835_CR30","first-page":"916","volume":"55","author":"H Dong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dong, H., Wang, B., Li, H., Shan, L. & Jia, F. Correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in children. Chin. J. Pediatr. 55, 916\u2013919 (2017).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"67835_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1423268","volume":"22","author":"M Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo, M. et al. Vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies exacerbate symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nutr. Neurosci. 22, 637\u2013647 (2019).","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"67835_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.22942","volume":"5","author":"WB Grant","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grant, W. B. & Cannell, J. J. Autism prevalence in the United States with respect to solar UV-B doses: An ecological study. Dermato-endocrinology 5, 159\u2013164 (2013).","journal-title":"Dermato-endocrinology"},{"key":"67835_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2016.08.013","volume":"89","author":"J Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, J., Xin, K., Wei, J., Zhang, K. & Xiao, H. Lower maternal serum 25 (OH) D in first trimester associated with higher autism risk in Chinese offspring. J. Psychosom. Res. 89, 98\u2013101 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"67835_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.213","volume":"23","author":"AA Vinkhuyzen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vinkhuyzen, A. A. et al. Gestational vitamin D deficiency and autism-related traits: The Generation R Study. Mol. Psychiatry 23, 240\u2013246 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"67835_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0357-9","volume":"25","author":"AM Garcia-Serna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garcia-Serna, A. M. & Morales, E. Neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal vitamin D in humans: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol. Psychiatry 25, 2468\u20132481 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"67835_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2016.01.015","volume":"88","author":"G Stubbs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stubbs, G., Henley, K. & Green, J. Autism: Will vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and early childhood reduce the recurrence rate of autism in newborn siblings?. Med. Hypotheses 88, 74\u201378 (2016).","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"67835_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2015.1123847","volume":"20","author":"J Feng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feng, J. et al. Clinical improvement following vitamin D3 supplementation in autism spectrum disorder. Nutr. Neurosci. 20, 284\u2013290 (2017).","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"67835_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e196","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2121","volume":"135","author":"F Jia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jia, F. et al. Core symptoms of autism improved after vitamin D supplementation. Pediatrics 135, e196\u2013e198 (2015).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"67835_CR39","volume-title":"Retraction: Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation In Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","author":"K Saad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saad, K. et al. Retraction: Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation In Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (Wiley Online Library, 2019)."},{"key":"67835_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47961-4","volume":"9","author":"M Keute","year":"2019","unstructured":"Keute, M., Demirezen, M., Graf, A., Mueller, N. G. & Zaehle, T. No modulation of pupil size and event-related pupil response by transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS). Sci. Rep. 9, 11452 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"67835_CR41","first-page":"56","volume":"2021","author":"DD Bikle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bikle, D. D. Vitamin D: Production, metabolism and mechanisms of action. Endotext 2021, 56 (2021).","journal-title":"Endotext"},{"key":"67835_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103196","volume":"12","author":"N Voltas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Voltas, N. et al. Effect of vitamin D status during pregnancy on infant neurodevelopment: The ECLIPSES study. Nutrients 12, 3196 (2020).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"67835_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.12.018","volume":"175","author":"A Ali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ali, A., Cui, X. & Eyles, D. Developmental vitamin D deficiency and autism: Putative pathogenic mechanisms. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 175, 108\u2013118 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"67835_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-246546","volume":"28","author":"RP Patrick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patrick, R. P. & Ames, B. N. Vitamin D hormone regulates serotonin synthesis. Part 1: Relevance for autism. FASEB J. 28, 2398\u20132413 (2014).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"67835_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700713R","volume":"32","author":"RA Pertile","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pertile, R. A., Cui, X., Hammond, L. & Eyles, D. W. Vitamin D regulation of GDNF\/Ret signaling in dopaminergic neurons. FASEB J. 32, 819\u2013828 (2018).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"67835_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-010-0161-8","volume":"11","author":"ES Chambers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chambers, E. S. & Hawrylowicz, C. M. The impact of vitamin D on regulatory T cells. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 11, 29\u201336 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"67835_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.137","volume":"67","author":"K Nakamura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nakamura, K. et al. Brain serotonin and dopamine transporter bindings in adults with high-functioning autism. Arch. Gener. Psychiatry 67, 59\u201368 (2010).","journal-title":"Arch. Gener. Psychiatry"},{"key":"67835_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2015.11.001","volume":"100","author":"HF DeLuca","year":"2016","unstructured":"DeLuca, H. F. Vitamin D: Historical overview. Vitamins Hormones 100, 1\u201320 (2016).","journal-title":"Vitamins Hormones"},{"key":"67835_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25143219","volume":"25","author":"A El-Sharkawy","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Sharkawy, A. & Malki, A. Vitamin D signaling in inflammation and cancer: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Molecules 25, 3219 (2020).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"67835_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2014.02.006","volume":"38","author":"AA Litonjua","year":"2014","unstructured":"Litonjua, A. A. et al. The Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial (VDAART): Rationale, design, and methods of a randomized, controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy for the primary prevention of asthma and allergies in children. Contempor. Clin. Trials 38, 37\u201350 (2014).","journal-title":"Contempor. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"67835_CR51","first-page":"5","volume":"74","author":"A Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh, A., Yeh, C. J. & Blanchard, S. B. Ages and stages questionnaire: A global screening scale. Bolet\u00edn M\u00e9dico Del Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico (Engl. Ed.) 74, 5\u201312 (2017).","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn M\u00e9dico Del Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"67835_CR52","unstructured":"Squires, J., Bricker, D. D. & Twombly, E. Ages & Stages Questionnaires (Paul H. Brookes, 2009)."},{"key":"67835_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000201","volume":"36","author":"S Hardy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hardy, S., Haisley, L., Manning, C. & Fein, D. Can screening with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire detect autism?. J. Develop. Behav. Pediatr. 36, 536 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Develop. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"67835_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo9030042","volume":"9","author":"RS Kelly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kelly, R. S. et al. Metabolomics and communication skills development in children; evidence from the ages and stages questionnaire. Metabolites 9, 42 (2019).","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"67835_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.03.021","volume":"14","author":"ML Kuijjer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuijjer, M. L., Tung, M. G., Yuan, G., Quackenbush, J. & Glass, K. Estimating sample-specific regulatory networks. Iscience 14, 226\u2013240 (2019).","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"67835_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010086","volume":"13","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Ding, R. & Wang, J. The association between vitamin D status and autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 13, 86 (2020).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"67835_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-022-05005-1","volume":"23","author":"C Wieder","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wieder, C., Lai, R. P. & Ebbels, T. M. Single sample pathway analysis in metabolomics: Performance evaluation and application. BMC Bioinform. 23, 481 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"67835_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D587","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac963","volume":"51","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kanehisa, M., Furumichi, M., Sato, Y., Kawashima, M. & Ishiguro-Watanabe, M. KEGG for taxonomy-based analysis of pathways and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 51, D587\u2013D592 (2023).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"67835_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15545","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","volume":"102","author":"A Subramanian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Subramanian, A. et al. Gene set enrichment analysis: A knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102, 15545\u201315550 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"67835_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.60.042307.110802","volume":"60","author":"M Berger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Berger, M., Gray, J. A. & Roth, B. L. The expanded biology of serotonin. Annu. Rev. Med. 60, 355\u2013366 (2009).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"67835_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00552","volume":"9","author":"H Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, H. et al. The metabolic factor kynurenic acid of kynurenine pathway predicts major depressive disorder. Front. Psychiatry 9, 552 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"67835_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17799","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17799","volume":"5","author":"F Fazio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fazio, F. et al. Xanthurenic acid activates mGlu2\/3 metabotropic glutamate receptors and is a potential trait marker for schizophrenia. Sci. Rep. 5, 17799 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"67835_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49781-y","volume":"9","author":"Y Murakami","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murakami, Y., Imamura, Y., Saito, K., Sakai, D. & Motoyama, J. Altered kynurenine pathway metabolites in a mouse model of human attention-deficit hyperactivity\/autism spectrum disorders: A potential new biological diagnostic marker. Sci. Rep. 9, 13182 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"67835_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1002-2","volume":"26","author":"M Evangelisti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Evangelisti, M. et al. Changes in serum levels of kynurenine metabolites in paediatric patients affected by ADHD. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 26, 1433\u20131441 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"67835_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062973","volume":"22","author":"W Roth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roth, W., Zadeh, K., Vekariya, R., Ge, Y. & Mohamadzadeh, M. Tryptophan metabolism and gut-brain homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 2973 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"67835_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5742","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065742","volume":"24","author":"A Tsuji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tsuji, A. et al. The tryptophan and kynurenine pathway involved in the development of immune-related diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 5742 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"67835_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-16","volume":"4","author":"L Boccuto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boccuto, L. et al. Decreased tryptophan metabolism in patients with autism spectrum disorders. Mol. Autism 4, 1\u201310 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"67835_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-017-0045-x","volume":"32","author":"J Ka\u0142u\u017cna-Czapli\u0144ska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ka\u0142u\u017cna-Czapli\u0144ska, J., J\u00f3\u017awik-Pruska, J., Chirumbolo, S. & Bj\u00f8rklund, G. Tryptophan status in autism spectrum disorder and the influence of supplementation on its level. Metabol. Brain Dis. 32, 1585\u20131593 (2017).","journal-title":"Metabol. Brain Dis."},{"key":"67835_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.14.11","volume":"8","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schwartz, C. E. Aberrant tryptophan metabolism: The unifying biochemical basis for autism spectrum disorders?. Biomark. Med. 8, 313\u2013315 (2014).","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"67835_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587140","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.587140","volume":"11","author":"E Murru","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murru, E. et al. Conjugated linoleic acid and brain metabolism: A possible anti-neuroinflammatory role mediated by PPAR\u03b1 activation. Front. Pharmacol. 11, 587140 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"67835_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102917","volume":"58","author":"N Usui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Usui, N. et al. VLDL-specific increases of fatty acids in autism spectrum disorder correlate with social interaction. EBioMedicine 58, 102917 (2020).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"67835_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-10-1","volume":"10","author":"AK El-Ansary","year":"2011","unstructured":"El-Ansary, A. K., Ben-Bacha, A. G. & Al-Ayahdi, L. Y. Plasma fatty acids as diagnostic markers in autistic patients from Saudi Arabia. Lipids Health Dis. 10, 1\u20138 (2011).","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"67835_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288702600805","volume":"26","author":"EA Mitchell","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mitchell, E. A., Aman, M. G., Turbott, S. H. & Manku, M. Clinical characteristics and serum essential fatty acid levels in hyperactive children. Clin. Pediatr. 26, 406\u2013411 (1987).","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"67835_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.4.761","volume":"62","author":"LJ Stevens","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stevens, L. J. et al. Essential fatty acid metabolism in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, 761\u2013768 (1995).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"67835_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948501801003","volume":"18","author":"SM Baker","year":"1985","unstructured":"Baker, S. M. A biochemical approach to the problem of dyslexia. J. Learn. Disabil. 18, 581\u2013584 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"67835_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-1047(84)90315-7","volume":"40","author":"H-L R\u00fcthrich","year":"1984","unstructured":"R\u00fcthrich, H.-L., Hoffmann, P., Matthies, H. & F\u00f6rster, W. Perinatal linoleate deprivation impairs learning and memory in adult rats. Behav. Neural Biol. 40, 205\u2013212 (1984).","journal-title":"Behav. Neural Biol."},{"key":"67835_CR77","first-page":"69","volume":"2014","author":"K Yin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yin, K. & Agrawal, D. K. Vitamin D and inflammatory diseases. J. Inflamm. Res. 2014, 69\u201387 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"67835_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-268342","volume":"29","author":"RP Patrick","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patrick, R. P. & Ames, B. N. Vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: Relevance for ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior. FASEB J. 29, 2207\u20132222 (2015).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"67835_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4837","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094837","volume":"22","author":"M Kanova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kanova, M. & Kohout, P. Serotonin\u2014its synthesis and roles in the healthy and the critically ill. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 4837 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"67835_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.01.011","volume":"62","author":"T Clark-Taylor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Clark-Taylor, T. & Clark-Taylor, B. E. Is autism a disorder of fatty acid metabolism? Possible dysfunction of mitochondrial \u03b2-oxidation by long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Med. Hypotheses 62, 970\u2013975 (2004).","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"67835_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3550","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073550","volume":"22","author":"CM Esposito","year":"2021","unstructured":"Esposito, C. M., Buoli, M., Ciappolino, V., Agostoni, C. & Brambilla, P. The role of cholesterol and fatty acids in the etiology and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 3550 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"67835_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.09.002","volume":"202","author":"ML Mulligan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mulligan, M. L., Felton, S. K., Riek, A. E. & Bernal-Mizrachi, C. Implications of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and lactation. Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol. 202, 429 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"67835_CR83","first-page":"5","volume":"4","author":"Z Naeem","year":"2010","unstructured":"Naeem, Z. Vitamin d deficiency-an ignored epidemic. Int. J. Health Sci. 4, 5 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"67835_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v10.i3.15","volume":"10","author":"M Al-Beltagi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Beltagi, M. Autism medical comorbidities. World J. Clin. Pediatr. 10, 15 (2021).","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"67835_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e180279","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0279","volume":"1","author":"G Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu, G. et al. Association of food allergy and other allergic conditions with autism spectrum disorder in children. JAMA Netw. Open 1, e180279\u2013e180279 (2018).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"67835_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.19829","volume":"4","author":"JD Ringe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ringe, J. D. & Kipshoven, C. Vitamin D-insufficiency: An estimate of the situation in Germany. Dermato-endocrinology 4, 72\u201380 (2012).","journal-title":"Dermato-endocrinology"},{"key":"67835_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.04.008","volume":"61","author":"OB Smeland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smeland, O. B., Meisingset, T. W., Borges, K. & Sonnewald, U. Chronic acetyl-L-carnitine alters brain energy metabolism and increases noradrenaline and serotonin content in healthy mice. Neurochem. Int. 61, 100\u2013107 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"67835_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2288-7","volume":"42","author":"GC Ferreira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferreira, G. C. & McKenna, M. C. L-Carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine roles and neuroprotection in developing brain. Neurochem. Res. 42, 1661\u20131675 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"67835_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112272","volume":"378","author":"NN Esmaiel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Esmaiel, N. N. et al. The potential impact of COMT gene variants on dopamine regulation and phenotypic traits of ASD patients. Behav. Brain Res. 378, 112272 (2020).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"67835_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500736","volume":"195","author":"SA Comhair","year":"2015","unstructured":"Comhair, S. A. et al. Metabolomic endotype of asthma. J. Immunol. 195, 643\u2013650 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"67835_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-019-1552-z","volume":"15","author":"N Ghosh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghosh, N. et al. Metabolomic signatures of asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) are different from asthma and COPD. Metabolomics 15, 1\u201311 (2019).","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"67835_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.11.010","volume":"321","author":"CL Muller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muller, C. L., Anacker, A. M. & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. The serotonin system in autism spectrum disorder: From biomarker to animal models. Neuroscience 321, 24\u201341 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"67835_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-03854-0","volume":"23","author":"AJ Motlagh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Motlagh, A. J., Davoodvandi, A. & Saeieh, S. E. Association between vitamin D level in mother\u2019s serum and the level of vitamin D in the serum of pre-term infants. BMC Pediatr. 23, 97 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"67835_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13028","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13028","volume":"17","author":"S Rabbani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rabbani, S. et al. Correlation between maternal and neonatal blood Vitamin D level: Study from Pakistan. Maternal Child Nutr. 17, e13028 (2021).","journal-title":"Maternal Child Nutr."},{"key":"67835_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091900","volume":"14","author":"JL Mansur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mansur, J. L., Oliveri, B., Giacoia, E., Fusaro, D. & Costanzo, P. R. Vitamin D: Before, during and after pregnancy: Effect on neonates and children. Nutrients 14, 1900 (2022).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"67835_CR96","first-page":"34","volume":"17","author":"A Pirdehghan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pirdehghan, A., Vakili, M., Dehghan, R. & Zare, F. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Yazd, a central province of Iran. J. Reprod. Infertil. 17, 34 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infertil."},{"key":"67835_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.978","volume":"38","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. Severe vitamin D deficiency in the first trimester is associated with placental inflammation in high-risk singleton pregnancy. Clin. Nutr. 38, 1921\u20131926 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"67835_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4497","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124497","volume":"13","author":"MA Chernikova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chernikova, M. A. et al. The brain-gut-microbiome system: Pathways and implications for autism spectrum disorder. Nutrients 13, 4497 (2021).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"67835_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12071087","volume":"12","author":"Y Murakami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murakami, Y. et al. Maternal inflammation with elevated kynurenine metabolites is related to the risk of abnormal brain development and behavioral changes in autism spectrum disorder. Cells 12, 1087 (2023).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"67835_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-016-0109-5","volume":"7","author":"F Gevi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gevi, F., Zolla, L., Gabriele, S. & Persico, A. M. Urinary metabolomics of young Italian autistic children supports abnormal tryptophan and purine metabolism. Mol. Autism 7, 1\u201311 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"67835_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1565","volume":"9","author":"CK Lim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lim, C. K. et al. Altered kynurenine pathway metabolism in autism: Implication for immune-induced glutamatergic activity. Autism Res. 9, 621\u2013631 (2016).","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"67835_CR102","first-page":"21","volume":"22","author":"DW Austin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Austin, D. W., Busija, L. & Brown, C. M. Observable essential fatty acid deficiency markers and autism spectrum disorder. Breastfeeding Rev. 22, 21\u201326 (2014).","journal-title":"Breastfeeding Rev."},{"key":"67835_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2010.09.007","volume":"84","author":"CM Brown","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brown, C. M. & Austin, D. W. Autistic disorder and phospholipids: A review. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 84, 25\u201330 (2011).","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids"},{"key":"67835_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000323189","volume":"18","author":"J Tamiji","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tamiji, J. & Crawford, D. A. The neurobiology of lipid metabolism in autism spectrum disorders. Neurosignals 18, 98\u2013112 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurosignals"},{"key":"67835_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.09.013","volume":"76","author":"K-P Lesch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lesch, K.-P. & Waider, J. Serotonin in the modulation of neural plasticity and networks: Implications for neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuron 76, 175\u2013191 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"67835_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.5455\/bcp.20141024012912","volume":"25","author":"II Ucuz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ucuz, I. I., Dursun, O. B. & Aydin, N. The effects of vitamin D3 on brain development and autism. Bull. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 25, 302\u2013311 (2015).","journal-title":"Bull. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"67835_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01904-6","volume":"6","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S. The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends Cogn. Sci. 6, 248\u2013254 (2002).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"67835_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115455","volume":"310","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., Knickmeyer, R. C. & Belmonte, M. K. Sex differences in the brain: Implications for explaining autism. Science 310, 819\u2013823 (2005).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"67835_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738060210101601","volume":"21","author":"RC Knickmeyer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Knickmeyer, R. C. & Baron-Cohen, S. Topical review: Fetal testosterone and sex differences in typical social development and in autism. J. Child Neurol. 21, 825\u2013845 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"67835_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.05.017","volume":"163","author":"A Olmos-Ortiz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olmos-Ortiz, A. et al. Evidence of sexual dimorphism in placental vitamin D metabolism: Testosterone inhibits calcitriol-dependent cathelicidin expression. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biology 163, 173\u2013182 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biology"},{"key":"67835_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.4368","volume":"174","author":"AC Kirsch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kirsch, A. C. et al. Association of comorbid mood and anxiety disorders with autism spectrum disorder. JAMA Pediatr. 174, 63\u201370 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"67835_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00232","volume":"43","author":"A Angold","year":"2002","unstructured":"Angold, A., Erkanli, A., Silberg, J., Eaves, L. & Costello, E. J. Depression scale scores in 8\u201317-year-olds: Effects of age and gender. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 43, 1052\u20131063 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"67835_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.1323","volume":"75","author":"D Rai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rai, D. et al. Association of autistic traits with depression from childhood to age 18 years. JAMA Psychiatry 75, 835\u2013843 (2018).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"67835_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361307075699","volume":"11","author":"S Bejerot","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bejerot, S. An autistic dimension: A proposed subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Autism 11, 101\u2013110 (2007).","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"67835_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0141703","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141703","volume":"10","author":"SM Meier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meier, S. M. et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorders: Longitudinal and offspring risk. PloS one 10, e0141703 (2015).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"67835_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.01.010","volume":"11","author":"F Cortesi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cortesi, F., Giannotti, F., Ivanenko, A. & Johnson, K. Sleep in children with autistic spectrum disorder. Sleep Med. 11, 659\u2013664 (2010).","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"67835_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3995","volume":"133","author":"BO McElhanon","year":"2014","unstructured":"McElhanon, B. O., McCracken, C., Karpen, S. & Sharp, W. G. Gastrointestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics 133, 872\u2013883 (2014).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"67835_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361303007002004","volume":"7","author":"CA Molloy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Molloy, C. A. & Manning-Courtney, P. Prevalence of chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autism and autistic spectrum disorders. Autism 7, 165\u2013171 (2003).","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"67835_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpedi.2023.05.011","volume":"99","author":"I Lasheras","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lasheras, I., Real-L\u00f3pez, M. & Santab\u00e1rbara, J. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Anal. Pediatr. (Engl. Ed.) 99, 102\u2013110 (2023).","journal-title":"Anal. Pediatr. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"67835_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03826-x","volume":"180","author":"H Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Association of food hypersensitivity in children with the risk of autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Eur. J. Pediatr. 180, 999\u20131008 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"67835_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721005158","volume":"53","author":"T Gong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gong, T. et al. Understanding the relationship between asthma and autism spectrum disorder: A population-based family and twin study. Psychol. Med. 53, 3096\u20133104 (2023).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"67835_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.02.001","volume":"46","author":"O Zerbo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zerbo, O. et al. Immune mediated conditions in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Behav. Immunity 46, 232\u2013236 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immunity"},{"key":"67835_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L191","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00138.2013","volume":"308","author":"F Nau Jr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nau, F. Jr. et al. Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor activation prevents allergic asthma in a mouse model. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 308, L191\u2013L198 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"67835_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14748","volume":"76","author":"E Mendez-Enriquez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mendez-Enriquez, E. et al. Mast cell-derived serotonin enhances methacholine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in house dust mite-induced experimental asthma. Allergy 76, 2057\u20132069 (2021).","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"67835_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarty, P. & Frye, R. E. Early detection and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: Why is it so difficult? In Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, vol. 35 100831 (Elsevier, 2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2020.100831"},{"key":"67835_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.74.2.183","volume":"74","author":"YD McCune","year":"1984","unstructured":"McCune, Y. D., Richardson, M. M. & Powell, J. A. Psychosocial health issues in pediatric practices: Parents\u2019 knowledge and concerns. Pediatrics 74, 183\u2013190 (1984).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"67835_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2007.00751.x","volume":"33","author":"I Ertem","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ertem, I. et al. Mothers\u2019 knowledge of young child development in a developing country. Child Care Health Dev. 33, 728\u2013737 (2007).","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"67835_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(03)00330-7","volume":"58","author":"TC Daley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Daley, T. C. From symptom recognition to diagnosis: Children with autism in urban India. Soc. Sci. Med. 58, 1323\u20131335 (2004).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"67835_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.02.006","volume":"63","author":"S Veldhuizen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Veldhuizen, S., Bedard, C., Rodriguez, C. & Cairney, J. Psychological distress and parent reporting on child health: The case of developmental delay. Res. Dev. Disabil. 63, 11\u201317 (2017).","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"67835_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00040-X","volume":"118","author":"D Eyles","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eyles, D., Brown, J., Mackay-Sim, A., McGrath, J. & Feron, F. Vitamin D3 and brain development. Neuroscience 118, 641\u2013653 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"67835_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2007.03.006","volume":"25","author":"X Cui","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cui, X., McGrath, J. J., Burne, T. H., Mackay-Sim, A. & Eyles, D. W. Maternal vitamin D depletion alters neurogenesis in the developing rat brain. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 25, 227\u2013232 (2007).","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"67835_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devbrainres.2004.07.013","volume":"153","author":"P Ko","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ko, P., Burkert, R., McGrath, J. & Eyles, D. Maternal vitamin D3 deprivation and the regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle during rat brain development. Dev. Brain Res. 153, 61\u201368 (2004).","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"67835_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20670","volume":"20","author":"F Marini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marini, F. et al. Effect of 1\u03b1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in embryonic hippocampal cells. Hippocampus 20, 696\u2013705 (2010).","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"67835_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(03)00303-3","volume":"343","author":"J Brown","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brown, J., Bianco, J. I., McGrath, J. J. & Eyles, D. W. 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces nerve growth factor, promotes neurite outgrowth and inhibits mitosis in embryonic rat hippocampal neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 343, 139\u2013143 (2003).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"67835_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.01.005","volume":"208","author":"DAF De Abreu","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Abreu, D. A. F. et al. Developmental vitamin D deficiency alters learning in C57Bl\/6J mice. Behav. Brain Res. 208, 603\u2013608 (2010).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"67835_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz127","volume":"11","author":"K Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao, K., Mu, C.-L., Farzi, A. & Zhu, W.-Y. Tryptophan metabolism: A link between the gut microbiota and brain. Adv. Nutr. 11, 709\u2013723 (2020).","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"67835_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200063","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200063","volume":"10","author":"D Ogbu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ogbu, D., Xia, E. & Sun, J. Gut instincts: Vitamin D\/vitamin D receptor and microbiome in neurodevelopment disorders. Open Biol. 10, 200063 (2020).","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"67835_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02513-3","volume":"13","author":"MK Tamang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tamang, M. K. et al. Developmental vitamin D-deficiency produces autism-relevant behaviours and gut-health associated alterations in a rat model. Transl. Psychiatry 13, 204 (2023).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"67835_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02009-6","volume":"12","author":"S Qiu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qiu, S., Qiu, Y., Li, Y. & Cong, X. Genetics of autism spectrum disorder: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Transl. Psychiatry 12, 249 (2022).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"67835_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040966","volume":"9","author":"SH Yoon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoon, S. H., Choi, J., Lee, W. J. & Do, J. T. Genetic and epigenetic etiology underlying autism spectrum disorder. J. Clin. Med. 9, 966 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"67835_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00385","volume":"13","author":"L Rylaarsdam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rylaarsdam, L. & Guemez-Gamboa, A. Genetic causes and modifiers of autism spectrum disorder. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 13, 385 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"67835_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.05.008","volume":"91","author":"RJ Schmidt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmidt, R. J. et al. Selected vitamin D metabolic gene variants and risk for autism spectrum disorder in the CHARGE Study. Early Hum. Dev. 91, 483\u2013489 (2015).","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"67835_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13772","volume":"515","author":"S De Rubeis","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Rubeis, S. et al. Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism. Nature 515, 209\u2013215 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"67835_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859151","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.859151","volume":"16","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Research progress on the role of vitamin D in autism spectrum disorder. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 16, 859151 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"67835_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.24356","volume":"5","author":"JJ Cannell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cannell, J. J. & Grant, W. B. What is the role of vitamin D in autism?. Dermato-endocrinology 5, 199\u2013204 (2013).","journal-title":"Dermato-endocrinology"},{"key":"67835_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8313272","volume":"2016","author":"A Batushansky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Batushansky, A., Toubiana, D. & Fait, A. Correlation-based network generation, visualization, and analysis as a powerful tool in biological studies: A case study in cancer cell metabolism. BioMed Res. Int. 2016, 9 (2016).","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"67835_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2020.1766975","volume":"17","author":"L Perez-De-Souza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perez-De-Souza, L., Alseekh, S., Brotman, Y. & Fernie, A. R. Network-based strategies in metabolomics data analysis and interpretation: From molecular networking to biological interpretation. Expert Rev. Proteom. 17, 243\u2013255 (2020).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteom."},{"key":"67835_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","volume":"43","author":"ME Ritchie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ritchie, M. E. et al. limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 43, e47\u2013e47 (2015).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"67835_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"btac757","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btac757","volume":"39","author":"Z Fang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fang, Z., Liu, X. & Peltz, G. GSEApy: A comprehensive package for performing gene set enrichment analysis in Python. Bioinformatics 39, btac757 (2023).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"67835_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp163","volume":"25","author":"PJ Cock","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cock, P. J. et al. Biopython: Freely available Python tools for computational molecular biology and bioinformatics. Bioinformatics 25, 1422\u20131423 (2009).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-67835-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-67835-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-67835-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T21:04:53Z","timestamp":1721768693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-67835-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["67835"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-67835-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.06.23.546277","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"S.T.W. receives royalties from UpToDate and is on the board of Histolix, a digital pathology company. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16929"}}