{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:32:50Z","timestamp":1789500770223,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"NK received research support from FoU-labmedicin, Sahlgrenska university Hospital"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005760","name":"University of Gothenburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005760","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The black fungus <jats:italic>Exophiala<\/jats:italic> causes a wide range of infections from superficial to subcutaneous, but also invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients as well as healthy individuals. In addition, <jats:italic>Exophiala<\/jats:italic>, is a common colonizer of the air ways of patients with cystic fibrosis. However, the source of infection and mode of transmission is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of <jats:italic>Exophiala<\/jats:italic> in samples collected from Swedish indoor environments. We found that the <jats:italic>Exophiala<\/jats:italic> species were commonly found in dishwashers and that <jats:italic>Exophiala dermatitidis<\/jats:italic> was the most common <jats:italic>Exophiala<\/jats:italic> species, being identified in 70% (26 out of the 37) of samples. Almost all <jats:italic>E. dermatitidis<\/jats:italic> isolates had the ability to grow at 42\u00a0\u00b0C (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0002) and were catalase positive. Voriconazole and posaconazole exhibited the lowest MICs, while caspofungin and anidulafungin lack the antifungal activities in vitro. Future studies are needed to illuminate the transmission mode of the fungi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68166-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T11:02:04Z","timestamp":1722423724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exophiala species in household environments and their antifungal resistance profile"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nahid","family":"Kondori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ja\u00e9n-Luchoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahman","family":"Abedzaedeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Hammarstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bodil","family":"J\u00f6nsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"68166_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3040057","volume":"3","author":"F Bongomin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bongomin, F. et al. Global and multi-national prevalence of fungal diseases-estimate precision. J Fungi (Basel) 3(4), 57 (2017).","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"68166_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(08)70009-8","volume":"32","author":"JJ Caston-Osorio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Caston-Osorio, J. J., Rivero, A. & Torre-Cisneros, J. Epidemiology of invasive fungal infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 32(Suppl 2), S103\u2013S109 (2008).","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"27","key":"68166_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7963","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i27.7963","volume":"9","author":"D Usuda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Usuda, D. et al. Exophiala dermatitidis. World J Clin Cases 9(27), 7963\u20137972 (2021).","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"issue":"3","key":"68166_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01899-10","volume":"49","author":"N Kondori","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kondori, N. et al. High rate of Exophiala dermatitidis recovery in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis is associated with pancreatic insufficiency. J Clin Microbiol 49(3), 1004\u20131009 (2011).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"68166_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0205-x","volume":"183","author":"C Schwarz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schwarz, C. et al. Organization of patient management and fungal epidemiology in cystic fibrosis. Mycopathologia 183(1), 7\u201319 (2018).","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"68166_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2013.12.007","volume":"13","author":"N Kondori","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kondori, N. et al. Development of IgG antibodies to Exophiala dermatitidis is associated with inflammatory responses in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 13(4), 391\u2013399 (2014).","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"issue":"1","key":"68166_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0134-8","volume":"183","author":"MN Babic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Babic, M. N. et al. Ecology of the human opportunistic black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis Indicates preference for human-made habitats. Mycopathologia 183(1), 201\u2013212 (2018).","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"49","key":"68166_CR8","first-page":"1109","volume":"51","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2002","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Exophiala infection from contaminated injectable steroids prepared by a compounding pharmacy\u2013United States, July\u2013November 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51(49), 1109\u20131112 (2002).","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"68166_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2011.04.007","volume":"115","author":"P Zalar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zalar, P. et al. Dishwashers\u2013a man-made ecological niche accommodating human opportunistic fungal pathogens. Fungal Biol 115(10), 997\u20131007 (2011).","journal-title":"Fungal Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"68166_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.738313","volume":"51","author":"A Dogen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dogen, A. et al. Dishwashers are a major source of human opportunistic yeast-like fungi in indoor environments in Mersin Turkey. Medical Mycology 51(5), 493\u2013498 (2013).","journal-title":"Medical Mycology"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"68166_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0507.2002.00779.x","volume":"45","author":"T Matos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Matos, T. et al. High prevalence of the neurotrope Exophiala dermatitidis and related oligotrophic black yeasts in sauna facilities. Mycoses 45(9\u201310), 373\u2013377 (2002).","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"68166_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3114\/sim.2008.61.15","volume":"61","author":"M Sudhadham","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sudhadham, M. et al. The neurotropic black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis has a possible origin in the tropical rain forest. Stud Mycol 61, 145\u2013155 (2008).","journal-title":"Stud Mycol"},{"issue":"2","key":"68166_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4265\/bio.24.89","volume":"24","author":"K Hashimoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hashimoto, K., Fujii, H. & Kawakami, Y. Genetic identification of dematiaceous fungi isolated from washing machine in Japan, and considering of fungal removal methods. Biocontrol Sci 24(2), 89\u201396 (2019).","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"68166_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-280X.1999.00208.x","volume":"37","author":"AJ Hamilton","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hamilton, A. J. & Holdom, M. D. Antioxidant systems in the pathogenic fungi of man and their role in virulence. Med Mycol 37(6), 375\u2013389 (1999).","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"6","key":"68166_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12478","volume":"59","author":"H Sav","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sav, H. et al. Virulence markers of opportunistic black yeast in Exophiala. Mycoses 59(6), 343\u2013350 (2016).","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"68166_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2015.07.007","volume":"128","author":"D Tesei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tesei, D. et al. Proteome of tolerance fine-tuning in the human pathogen black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis. J Proteomics 128, 39\u201357 (2015).","journal-title":"J Proteomics"},{"issue":"8","key":"68166_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2011.583285","volume":"49","author":"H Badali","year":"2011","unstructured":"Badali, H. et al. Microdilution in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Exophiala dermatitidis, a systemic opportunist. Med Mycol 49(8), 819\u2013824 (2011).","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"4","key":"68166_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.73.4.590-591.1957","volume":"73","author":"CD Jeffries","year":"1957","unstructured":"Jeffries, C. D., Holtman, D. F. & Guse, D. G. Rapid method for determining the activity of microorganisms on nucleic acids. J Bacteriol 73(4), 590\u2013591 (1957).","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"1","key":"68166_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00443910","volume":"81","author":"M Casal","year":"1983","unstructured":"Casal, M. & Linares, M. J. Preliminary evaluation of a new test for the rapid differentiation of Candida albicans and Candida stellatoidea. Mycopathologia 81(1), 63\u201364 (1983).","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68166-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68166-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68166-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T11:11:41Z","timestamp":1722424301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68166-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["68166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-68166-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"RK is affiliated to a company Nanoxis Consulting AB. The company had no influence on collecting, analysing and interpretation of data, writing of the manuscript and submission of the manuscript. The remaining authors have no competing interest or personal relationship that could influence the content of this paper. The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17622"}}