{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:14:23Z","timestamp":1792512863703,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68346-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T18:40:58Z","timestamp":1722451258000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Dietary diversity among women with depressive and generalized anxiety symptoms in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Supa","family":"Pengpid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Peltzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"68346_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry 2022, 9, 137\u2013150","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3"},{"key":"68346_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mental disorders, 2022. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/mental-disorders"},{"issue":"22","key":"68346_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12022","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212022","volume":"18","author":"JK Hohls","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hohls, J. K., K\u00f6nig, H. H., Quirke, E. & Hajek, A. Anxiety, depression and quality of life-a systematic review of evidence from longitudinal observational studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 18(22), 12022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182212022 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"68346_CR4","unstructured":"Nepal Health Research Council Central. Report of National Mental Health Survey 2020. Nepal Health Research Council, Government of Nepal. (2020)."},{"issue":"8","key":"68346_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1074-3","volume":"31","author":"RK Giri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giri, R. K. et al. Prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms among post-partum mothers in Nepal. BMC Res. Notes. 31(8), 111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-015-1074-3 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes."},{"key":"68346_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13956","author":"A Dielemans","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dielemans, A. et al. Prevalence of maternal depression and anxiety symptoms and associations with child mental health outcomes in rural Nepal. Trop. Med. Int. Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.13956 (2023).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health."},{"issue":"12","key":"68346_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4418","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124418","volume":"13","author":"M Aucoin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aucoin, M. et al. Diet and anxiety: A scoping review. Nutrients 13(12), 4418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13124418 (2021).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"68346_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020780","volume":"18","author":"PNA Dharmayani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dharmayani, P. N. A., Juergens, M., Allman-Farinelli, M. & Mihrshahi, S. Association between fruit and vegetable consumption and depression symptoms in young people and adults aged 15\u201345: A systematic review of cohort studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 18(2), 780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18020780 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"68346_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010115","volume":"12","author":"D G\u0142\u0105bska","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u0142\u0105bska, D., Guzek, D., Groele, B. & Gutkowska, K. Fruit and vegetable intake and mental health in adults: A systematic review. Nutrients 12(1), 115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12010115 (2020).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"12","key":"68346_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.32359","volume":"14","author":"R Selvaraj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Selvaraj, R. et al. Association between dietary habits and depression: A systematic review. Cureus 14(12), e32359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.32359 (2022).","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"68346_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad143","author":"H Aslam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aslam, H. et al. Fiber intake and fiber intervention in depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Nutr. Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad143 (2023).","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"68346_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1741505","volume":"61","author":"U Dobersek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dobersek, U. et al. Meat and mental health: A systematic review of meat abstention and depression, anxiety, and related phenomena. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 61(4), 622\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2020.1741505 (2021).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"68346_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.05.022","volume":"210","author":"B Rashidkhani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rashidkhani, B., Pourghassem Gargari, B., Ranjbar, F., Zareiy, S. & Kargarnovin, Z. Dietary patterns and anthropometric indices among Iranian women with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 210(1), 115\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.05.022 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"68346_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00193","volume":"25","author":"Z Merali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Merali, Z., Graitson, S., Mackay, J. C. & Kent, P. Stress and eating: a dual role for bombesin-like peptides. Front. Neurosci. 25(7), 193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2013.00193 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"68346_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab009","volume":"12","author":"EO Verger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verger, E. O. et al. Dietary diversity indicators and their associations with dietary adequacy and health outcomes: A systematic scoping review. Adv. Nutr. 12(5), 1659\u20131672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/advances\/nmab009 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"issue":"16","key":"68346_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-017-0162-2","volume":"16","author":"M Poorrezaeian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poorrezaeian, M. et al. Depression is related to dietary diversity score in women: a cross-sectional study from a developing country. Ann. Gen. Psychiatry. 16(16), 39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12991-017-0162-2 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"68346_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.10.016","volume":"230","author":"M Poorrezaeian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poorrezaeian, M. et al. Association of dietary diversity score with anxiety in women. Psychiatry Res. 230(2), 622\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.10.016 (2015).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"68346_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17567-7","volume":"24","author":"L Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, L. et al. Association between dietary diversity, sedentary time outside of work and depressive symptoms among knowledge workers: a multi-center cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 24(1), 53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-17567-7 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"68346_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019003495","volume":"23","author":"TM Sparling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sparling, T. M., Waid, J. L., Wendt, A. S. & Gabrysch, S. Depression among women of reproductive age in rural Bangladesh is linked to food security, diets and nutrition. Public Health Nutr. 23(4), 660\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980019003495 (2020).","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"68346_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13956","volume":"29","author":"A Dielemans","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dielemans, A. et al. Prevalence of maternal depression and anxiety symptoms and associations with child mental health outcomes in rural Nepal. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 29(2), 128\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.13956 (2024).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health."},{"key":"68346_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2023.100776","volume":"13","author":"K Bhattarai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhattarai, K., Adhikari, A. P. & Gautam, S. P. State of urbanization in Nepal: The official definition and reality. Environ. Chall. 13, 100776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envc.2023.100776 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Chall."},{"key":"68346_CR22","unstructured":"The World Factbook (2024). Nepal. URL: https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/nepal\/ (accessed 30 Jan 2024)"},{"key":"68346_CR23","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Population [Nepal], New ERA, and ICF. (2023). Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2022. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health and Population [Nepal]."},{"key":"68346_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4060\/cb3434en","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)","year":"2021","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Minimum dietary diversity for women. Rome https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4060\/cb3434en (2021).","journal-title":"Rome"},{"issue":"1","key":"68346_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2023.102053","volume":"8","author":"EO Verger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Verger, E. O. et al. Defining a dichotomous indicator for population-level assessment of dietary diversity among pregnant adolescent girls and women: A secondary analysis of quantitative 24-h recalls from rural settings in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, India, and Nepal. Curr. Dev. Nutr. 8(1), 102053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cdnut.2023.102053 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"68346_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06","volume":"32","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kroenke, K. & Spitzer, R. L. The PHQ-9: A new depression and diagnostic severity measure. Psychiatric Ann. 32, 509\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06 (2002).","journal-title":"Psychiatric Ann."},{"issue":"16","key":"68346_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0768-y","volume":"8","author":"BA Kohrt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kohrt, B. A., Luitel, N. P., Acharya, P. & Jordans, M. J. Detection of depression in low resource settings: Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and cultural concepts of distress in Nepal. BMC Psychiatry. 8(16), 58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-016-0768-y (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"issue":"10","key":"68346_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. & L\u00f6we, B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch. Intern. Med. 166(10), 1092\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"16","key":"68346_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0810-0","volume":"14","author":"A Risal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Risal, A., Manandhar, K., Linde, M., Steiner, T. J. & Holen, A. Anxiety and depression in Nepal: Prevalence, comorbidity and associations. BMC Psychiatry. 14(16), 102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-016-0810-0 (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"68346_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18313-3","volume":"24","author":"P Adhikary","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adhikary, P., Devkota, H. R., Reingold, A. L. & Ghimire, D. J. Factors associated with depressive symptoms among returnee migrants and non-migrants working adults in Madi municipality in Nepal: A community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 24(1), 861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18313-3 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"68346_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-020-00497-z","volume":"8","author":"K Gautam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gautam, K. et al. Self-reported psychological distress during the COVID-19 outbreak in Nepal: Findings from an online survey. BMC Psychol. 8(1), 127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-020-00497-z (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"issue":"16","key":"68346_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163297","volume":"14","author":"J Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Wang, H. & Zou, Z. Inverse association between dietary diversity score calculated from the diet quality questionnaire and psychological stress in Chinese adults: A prospective study from china health and nutrition survey. Nutrients 14(16), 3297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14163297 (2022).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"68346_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665113003388","volume":"72","author":"C Rooney","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rooney, C., McKinley, M. C. & Woodside, J. V. The potential role of fruit and vegetables in aspects of psychological well-being: A review of the literature and future directions. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 72(4), 420\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0029665113003388 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"68346_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2014.00010","volume":"16","author":"AP Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith, A. P. & Rogers, R. Positive effects of a healthy snack (fruit) versus an unhealthy snack (chocolate\/crisps) on subjective reports of mental and physical health: A preliminary intervention study. Front. Nutr. 16(1), 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2014.00010 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"68346_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102621","volume":"56","author":"S Fatahi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fatahi, S. et al. Association of dietary fiber and depression symptom: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Compl. Ther. Med. 56, 102621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102621 (2021).","journal-title":"Compl. Ther. Med."},{"key":"68346_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102959","volume":"67","author":"S Pengpid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pengpid, S. & Peltzer, K. Depression and generalised anxiety and associated factors among adults in Bhutan: Results of national cross-sectional survey in 2019. Asian J. Psychiatr. 67, 102959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102959 (2022).","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68346-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68346-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68346-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T18:45:01Z","timestamp":1722451501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68346-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["68346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-68346-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17688"}}