{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T12:15:46Z","timestamp":1784204146119,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Boots are widely used by many people for various purposes, but their impact on gait biomechanics and injury risk is not well understood. This study investigated the effects of boots on walking biomechanics, compared to casual footwear. The lower limb joint kinematics and kinetics of 20 healthy male participants aged 20 to 30\u00a0years old were compared during self-paced walking with boots and shoes. The results showed that walking with boots is associated with greater hip extensor (P\u2009=\u20090.009) and ankle dorsiflexor (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) moments in early stance, hip power generation (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and knee power absorption (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in early swing phase, hip abductor (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and knee adduction (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) moments in the entire stance, net concentric work for the hip joint in sagittal (13.9%, P\u2009=\u20090.001) and frontal (21.7%, P\u2009=\u20090.002) planes. In contrast, the subtalar supinator moment in the entire stance (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), ankle angular velocity in late stance (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and net concentric (\u2212\u200942.7%, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and eccentric (\u2212\u200944.6%, P\u2009=\u20090.004) works of subtalar joint were significantly lower in the boot condition. The compensatory adjustments in the hip and knee joints may result from ankle restrictions. While boots may aid those with ankle disorders, lower limb loading and the risk of musculoskeletal injuries and osteoarthritis could be increased. This study offers new perspectives on the biomechanical impact of boots on gait, potential prevention and treatment strategies of related injuries, and advancing footwear design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68533-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T07:02:35Z","timestamp":1723100555000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["How boots affect the kinematics and kinetics of lower limb joints during walking compared to casual footwear"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Haghighat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Rezaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Majlesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"68533_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, A. E. & Nester, C. Pocket Podiatry: Footwear and Foot Orthoses E-Book. (Elsevier Health Sciences, UK, 2010).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-3042-0.00007-5"},{"key":"68533_CR2","unstructured":"Hsu, J. D., Michael, J. & Fisk, J. AAOS Atlas of orthoses and assistive devices e-book. (Elsevier Health Sciences, UK, 2008)."},{"key":"68533_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.01.003","volume":"61","author":"JA Dobson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dobson, J. A., Riddiford-Harland, D. L., Bell, A. F. & Steele, J. R. Work boot design affects the way workers walk: A systematic review of the literature. Appl. Ergon. 61, 53\u201368 (2017).","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"68533_CR4","unstructured":"Hamill, J. & Bensel, C. K. Biomechanical analysis of military boots. Phase II: Human user testing of military and commercial footwear. (U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center, UK, 1996)."},{"key":"68533_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.05.029","volume":"43","author":"H B\u00f6hm","year":"2010","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm, H. & H\u00f6sl, M. Effect of boot shaft stiffness on stability joint energy and muscular co-contraction during walking on uneven surface. J. Biomech. 43, 2467\u20132472 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"68533_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10703","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710703","volume":"19","author":"R Orr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Orr, R. et al. The impact of footwear on occupational task performance and musculoskeletal injury risk: A scoping review to inform tactical footwear. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 19, 10703 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"68533_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiou, S. S., Turner, N., Zwiener, J., Weaver, D. L. & Haskell, W. E. Effect of boot weight and sole flexibility on gait and physiological responses of firefighters in stepping over obstacles. Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. 54, 373\u201386 (2012).","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811433464"},{"key":"68533_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001105010302","volume":"5","author":"C Schulze","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schulze, C. et al. The influence in airforce soldiers through wearing certain types of army-issue footwear on muscle activity in the lower extremities. Open Orthop. J. 5, 302\u2013306 (2011).","journal-title":"Open Orthop. J."},{"key":"68533_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3833","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.3833","volume":"27","author":"M-K Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim, M.-K., Kim, Y.-H. & Yoo, K.-T. Effects of shoe type on lower extremity muscle activity during treadmill walking. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 27, 3833\u20133836 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"68533_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.01.006","volume":"49","author":"JA Dobson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dobson, J. A., Riddiford-Harland, D. L. & Steele, J. R. Effects of wearing gumboots and leather lace-up boots on lower limb muscle activity when walking on simulated underground coal mine surfaces. Appl. Ergon. 49, 34\u201340 (2015).","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"68533_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130701582104","volume":"50","author":"I Cikajlo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cikajlo, I. & Matja\u010di\u0107, Z. The influence of boot stiffness on gait kinematics and kinetics during stance phase. Ergonomics 50, 2171\u20132182 (2007).","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"68533_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110643","volume":"126","author":"UG Kersting","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kersting, U. G., St\u00f8ttrup, N. & Larsen, F. G. The influence of shaft stiffness on joint kinematics and kinetics during hiking. J. Biomech. 126, 110643 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"68533_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.05.016","volume":"25","author":"CM O\u2019Connor","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, C. M., Thorpe, S. K., O\u2019Malley, M. J. & Vaughan, C. L. Automatic detection of gait events using kinematic data. Gait Posture 25, 469\u2013474 (2007).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"68533_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.07.004","volume":"42","author":"M Sangeux","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sangeux, M. On the implementation of predictive methods to locate the hip joint centres. Gait Posture 42, 402\u2013405 (2015).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"68533_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2016-0282","volume":"33","author":"H Kainz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kainz, H. et al. Accuracy and reliability of marker-based approaches to scale the pelvis, thigh, and shank segments in musculoskeletal models. J. Appl. Biomech. 33, 354\u2013360 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"68533_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-017-1920-7","volume":"45","author":"AKM Lai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lai, A. K. M., Arnold, A. S. & Wakeling, J. M. Why are antagonist muscles co-activated in my simulation? A musculoskeletal model for analysing human locomotor tasks. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 45, 2762\u20132774 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"68533_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(00)00083-7","volume":"13","author":"R Baker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baker, R. Pelvic angles: A mathematically rigorous definition which is consistent with a conventional clinical understanding of the terms. Gait Posture 13, 1\u20136 (2001).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"68533_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006223","volume":"14","author":"A Seth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seth, A. et al. OpenSim: Simulating musculoskeletal dynamics and neuromuscular control to study human and animal movement. PLoS Comput. Biol. 14, e1006223 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"68533_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.09.035","volume":"41","author":"F De Groote","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Groote, F., De Laet, T., Jonkers, I. & De Schutter, J. Kalman smoothing improves the estimation of joint kinematics and kinetics in marker-based human gait analysis. J. Biomech. 41, 3390\u20133398 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"68533_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.05.018","volume":"25","author":"AG Schache","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schache, A. G. & Baker, R. On the expression of joint moments during gait. Gait Posture 25, 440\u2013452 (2007).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"68533_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109533","volume":"99","author":"TR Derrick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Derrick, T. R. et al. ISB recommendations on the reporting of intersegmental forces and moments during human motion analysis. J. Biomech. 99, 109533 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"68533_CR22","volume-title":"Muscle Anthropometry","author":"DA Winter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Winter, D. A. Muscle Anthropometry (Wiley, 2009)."},{"key":"68533_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00843738","volume":"68","author":"P Wretenberg","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wretenberg, P. & Arborelius, U. P. Power and work produced in different leg muscle groups when rising from a chair. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 68, 413\u2013417 (1994).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"68533_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hof, A. L. Scaling and normalization. Handb. Hum. Motion N. Y. Springer 295\u2013305 (2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14418-4_180"},{"key":"68533_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1058","volume":"15","author":"TE Nichols","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nichols, T. E. & Holmes, A. P. Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: A primer with examples. Hum. Brain Mapp. 15, 1\u201325 (2002).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"68533_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2010.527837","volume":"15","author":"TC Pataky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pataky, T. C. One-dimensional statistical parametric mapping in Python. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin. 15, 295\u2013301 (2012).","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin."},{"key":"68533_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.22237\/jmasm\/1257035100","volume":"8","author":"SS Sawilowsky","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sawilowsky, S. S. New effect size rules of thumb. J. Mod. Appl. Stat. Methods 8, 597\u2013599 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Mod. Appl. Stat. Methods"},{"key":"68533_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3390\/biomechanics1030023","volume":"1","author":"RR Bini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bini, R. R., Kilpp, D. D., J\u00fanior, P. A. & Muniz, A. M. Comparison of Ground Reaction Forces between Combat Boots and Sports Shoes. Biomechanics 1, 281\u2013289 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomechanics"},{"key":"68533_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130600901579","volume":"50","author":"C-L Lin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lin, C.-L., Wang, M.-J.J. & Drury, C. G. Biomechanical, physiological and psychophysical evaluations of clean room boots. Ergonomics 50, 481\u2013496 (2007).","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"68533_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mara de Souza Muniz, A. et al. Effects from loaded walking with polyurethane and styrene-butadiene rubber midsole military boots on kinematics and external forces: A statistical parametric mapping analysis. Appl. Ergon. 94, 103429 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103429"},{"key":"68533_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nesterovica - Petrikova, D., Vaivads, N. & Stepens, A. Effects of Tactical Boots on Foot and Ankle Kinematics. In: Dekhtyar, Y. & Saknite, I. (eds) 19th Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics. Vol. 89 (Springer Nature Switzerland, UK, 2023). 112\u2013118","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-37132-5_15"},{"key":"68533_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)00025-4","volume":"13","author":"IC Wright","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wright, I. C., Neptune, R. R., van Den Bogert, A. J. & Nigg, B. M. Passive regulation of impact forces in heel-toe running. Clin. Biomech. 13, 521\u2013531 (1998).","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"68533_CR33","volume-title":"Mechanical factors affecting the estimation of tibialis anterior force using an EMG-driven modelling approach","author":"S Miller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miller, S. Mechanical factors affecting the estimation of tibialis anterior force using an EMG-driven modelling approach (Brunel University, 2015)."},{"key":"68533_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.03.004","volume":"30","author":"C Pothrat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pothrat, C., Authier, G., Viehweger, E., Berton, E. & Rao, G. One-and multi-segment foot models lead to opposite results on ankle joint kinematics during gait: Implications for clinical assessment. Clin. Biomech. 30, 493\u2013499 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"68533_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sloot, L. H. & Van der Krogt, M. M. Interpreting joint moments and powers in gait. In: Sloot, L. H (eds) Handbook of human motion (Springer International Publishing AG, 2017). 625\u201343","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14418-4_32"},{"key":"68533_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2015.1066879","volume":"7","author":"J Sinclair","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sinclair, J., Taylor, P. J. & Atkins, S. Effects of new military footwear on knee loading during running. Footwear Sci. 7, 165\u2013171 (2015).","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"68533_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2008.02.005","volume":"23","author":"KB Shelburne","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shelburne, K. B., Torry, M. R., Steadman, J. R. & Pandy, M. G. Effects of foot orthoses and valgus bracing on the knee adduction moment and medial joint load during gait. Clin. Biomech. 23, 814\u2013821 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"68533_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.02.779","volume":"23","author":"K Manal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manal, K., Gardinier, E., Buchanan, T. S. & Snyder-Mackler, L. A more informed evaluation of medial compartment loading: The combined use of the knee adduction and flexor moments. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 23, 1107\u20131111 (2015).","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"68533_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199807)41:7<1233::AID-ART14>3.0.CO;2-L","volume":"41","author":"L Sharma","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sharma, L. et al. Knee adduction moment, serum hyaluronan level, and disease severity in medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 41, 1233\u20131240 (1998).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"68533_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00081-X","volume":"20","author":"DE Hurwitz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hurwitz, D. E., Ryals, A. B., Case, J. P., Block, J. A. & Andriacchi, T. P. The knee adduction moment during gait in subjects with knee osteoarthritis is more closely correlated with static alignment than radiographic disease severity, toe out angle and pain. J. Orthop. Res. 20, 101\u2013107 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"68533_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504269591","volume":"33","author":"TE Hewett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hewett, T. E. et al. Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: A prospective study. Am. J. Sports Med. 33, 492\u2013501 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"68533_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092536","volume":"49","author":"GD Myer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Myer, G. D. et al. High knee abduction moments are common risk factors for patellofemoral pain (PFP) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in girls: Is PFP itself a predictor for subsequent ACL injury?. Br. J. Sports Med. 49, 118\u2013122 (2015).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"68533_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90142-X","volume":"21","author":"DA Winter","year":"1988","unstructured":"Winter, D. A. & Sienko, S. E. Biomechanics of below-knee amputee gait. J. Biomech. 21, 361\u2013367 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"68533_CR44","unstructured":"Richards, J. 2018. Inverse Dynamics theory. In: Richards, J. (eds) The Comprehensive Textbook of Clinical Biomechanics with access to e-learning course [formerly Biomechanics in Clinic and Research] (Elsevier Health Sciences, UK). 124\u201336"},{"key":"68533_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2017.02.049","volume":"25","author":"H Tateuchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tateuchi, H. et al. Daily cumulative hip load is associated with radiographic progression of secondary hip osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 25, S21 (2017).","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"68533_CR46","first-page":"489","volume-title":"Handbook of Human Motion","author":"R Baker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baker, R., Leboeuf, F., Reay, J. & Sangeux, M. The Conventional Gait Model - Success and Limitations. In Handbook of Human Motion (eds M\u00fcller, B. et al.) 489\u2013508 (Springer International Publishing, 2017)."},{"key":"68533_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4029304","volume":"137","author":"JL Hicks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hicks, J. L., Uchida, T. K., Seth, A., Rajagopal, A. & Delp, S. L. Is my model good enough? Best practices for verification and validation of musculoskeletal models and simulations of movement. J. Biomech. Eng. 137, 020905 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68533-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68533-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68533-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T10:09:57Z","timestamp":1723630197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68533-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["68533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-68533-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18389"}}