{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T08:41:56Z","timestamp":1793781716486,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C1101215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C1101215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SNUH Research Fund","award":["04-2023-0590"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04-2023-0590"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68705-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T08:25:44Z","timestamp":1722414344000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Clinical feasibility of deep learning based synthetic contrast enhanced abdominal CT in patients undergoing non enhanced CT scans"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Seungchul","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junghoan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungeun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungheum","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sae-Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Jae","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Min","family":"Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Joon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"68705_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-10310-2","volume":"22","author":"CF Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cao, C. F. et al. CT Scans and cancer risks: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 22, 1238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-022-10310-2 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"68705_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000696","volume":"55","author":"L Schockel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schockel, L. et al. Developments in X-Ray contrast media and the potential impact on computed tomography. Invest. Radiol. 55, 592\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000696 (2020).","journal-title":"Invest. Radiol."},{"key":"68705_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10090908","volume":"256","author":"KT Bae","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bae, K. T. Intravenous contrast medium administration and scan timing at CT: Considerations and approaches. Radiology 256, 32\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.10090908 (2010).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"68705_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2312030240","volume":"231","author":"S Kaiser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaiser, S., Finnbogason, T., Jorulf, H. K., Soderman, E. & Frenckner, B. Suspected appendicitis in children: Diagnosis with contrast-enhanced versus nonenhanced Helical CT. Radiology 231, 427\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2312030240 (2004).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"68705_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.03.008","volume":"116","author":"AL Faucon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Faucon, A. L., Bobrie, G. & Clement, O. Nephrotoxicity of iodinated contrast media: From pathophysiology to prevention strategies. Eur. J. Radiol. 116, 231\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.03.008 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"68705_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2022.14.4.348","volume":"14","author":"HR Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang, H. R., Jeong, J. & Brockow, K. Diagnosis and prevention of hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated contrast media. Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res. 14, 348\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4168\/aair.2022.14.4.348 (2022).","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"68705_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm198901193200304","volume":"320","author":"SJ Schwab","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schwab, S. J. et al. Contrast nephrotoxicity: A randomized controlled trial of a nonionic and an ionic radiographic contrast agent. N. Engl. J. Med. 320, 149\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm198901193200304 (1989).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"68705_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.17.2038","volume":"298","author":"J Coresh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Coresh, J. et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA 298, 2038\u20132047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.298.17.2038 (2007).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"68705_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.09801.x","volume":"68","author":"A Schieppati","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schieppati, A. & Remuzzi, G. Chronic renal diseases as a public health problem: epidemiology, social, and economic implications. Kidney Int. Suppl. 68, S7\u2013S10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.09801.x (2005).","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"68705_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575437","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.575437","volume":"11","author":"I Dona","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dona, I. et al. Hypersensitivity reactions to multiple iodinated contrast media. Front Pharmacol 11, 575437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2020.575437 (2020).","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"68705_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.152.1.41","volume":"152","author":"J Kelly","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kelly, J., Raptopoulos, V., Davidoff, A., Waite, R. & Norton, P. The value of non-contrast-enhanced CT in blunt abdominal trauma. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 152, 41\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.152.1.41 (1989).","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"68705_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-019-01704-0","volume":"26","author":"C Lamoureux","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lamoureux, C., Weber, S., Hanna, T., Grabiel, A. J. & Clark, R. H. Effect of intravenous contrast for CT abdomen and pelvis on detection of urgent and non-urgent pathology: can repeat CT within 72 hours be avoided?. Emerg. Radiol. 26, 601\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10140-019-01704-0 (2019).","journal-title":"Emerg. Radiol."},{"key":"68705_CR13","first-page":"300","volume":"52","author":"K Miyakawa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Miyakawa, K. et al. Evaluation of non-contrast-enhanced CT in blunt abdominal trauma. Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi 52, 300\u2013307 (1992).","journal-title":"Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"68705_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186x.2017.1360512","volume":"57","author":"H Semaan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Semaan, H., Bazerbashi, M. F., Siesel, G., Aldinger, P. & Obri, T. Diagnostic accuracy of non-contrast abdominal CT scans performed as follow-up for patients with an established cancer diagnosis: a retrospective study. Acta Oncol. 57, 426\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0284186x.2017.1360512 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"68705_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25970","volume":"48","author":"E Gong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gong, E., Pauly, J. M., Wintermark, M. & Zaharchuk, G. Deep learning enables reduced gadolinium dose for contrast-enhanced brain MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 48, 330\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.25970 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"68705_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, M. et al. in 2021 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) 3972\u20133981 (2021).","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV48630.2021.00402"},{"key":"68705_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-022-02051-0","volume":"17","author":"J Chun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chun, J. et al. Synthetic contrast-enhanced computed tomography generation using a deep convolutional neural network for cardiac substructure delineation in breast cancer radiation therapy: A feasibility study. Radiat. Oncol. 17, 83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13014-022-02051-0 (2022).","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"68705_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/rli.0000000000000583","volume":"54","author":"J Kleesiek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kleesiek, J. et al. Can virtual contrast enhancement in brain mri replace gadolinium?: A feasibility study. Invest. Radiol. 54, 653\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/rli.0000000000000583 (2019).","journal-title":"Invest. Radiol."},{"key":"68705_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99896-4","volume":"11","author":"SW Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, S. W. et al. The feasibility of deep learning-based synthetic contrast-enhanced CT from nonenhanced CT in emergency department patients with acute abdominal pain. Sci. Rep. 11, 20390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-99896-4 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"68705_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2018.05.007","volume":"104","author":"AP Sauter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sauter, A. P. et al. Dual-layer spectral computed tomography: Virtual non-contrast in comparison to true non-contrast images. Eur. J. Radiol. 104, 108\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2018.05.007 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"68705_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.12.011","volume":"81","author":"M Toepker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Toepker, M. et al. Virtual non-contrast in second-generation, dual-energy computed tomography: Reliability of attenuation values. Eur. J. Radiol. 81, e398-405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.12.011 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"68705_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13121","volume":"22","author":"T Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, T. et al. A review on medical imaging synthesis using deep learning and its clinical applications. J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. 22, 11\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acm2.13121 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys."},{"key":"68705_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28008","volume":"83","author":"MC Florkow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Florkow, M. C. et al. Deep learning-based MR-to-CT synthesis: The influence of varying gradient echo-based MR images as input channels. Magn. Reson. Med. 83, 1429\u20131441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.28008 (2020).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"68705_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-19-885","volume":"10","author":"W Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, W. et al. Magnetic resonance image (MRI) synthesis from brain computed tomography (CT) images based on deep learning methods for magnetic resonance (MR)-guided radiotherapy. Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 10, 1223\u20131236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/qims-19-885 (2020).","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"68705_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112378","volume":"14","author":"L Pasquini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pasquini, L. et al. Synthetic post-contrast imaging through artificial intelligence: Clinical applications of virtual and augmented contrast media. Pharmaceutics 14, 2378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112378 (2022).","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"68705_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00058-3","volume":"11","author":"JW Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi, J. W. et al. Generating synthetic contrast enhancement from non-contrast chest computed tomography using a generative adversarial network. Sci. Rep. 11, 20403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-00058-3 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"68705_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung, H. et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 71, 209\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21660 (2021).","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"68705_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W566","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9888","volume":"200","author":"DM Naeger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Naeger, D. M. et al. Correctly using sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values in clinical practice: how to avoid three common pitfalls. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 200, W566-570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.12.9888 (2013).","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"68705_CR29","unstructured":"Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P. & Brox, T. 2015 In: eds N. Navab, J. Hornegger, W. M. Wells, & A. F. Frangi (eds). Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention \u2013 MICCAI 2015 (Springer International Publishing, 2015)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68705-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68705-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68705-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T03:35:41Z","timestamp":1732505741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-68705-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["68705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-68705-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Sang Joon Park is the founder and CEO of MEDICAL IP Co., Ltd., and Jong-Min Kim, Han-Jae Chung, Seung-Min Ham are employees of MEDICAL IP Co., Ltd.. All other authors do not have any competing interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17635"}}