{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T14:50:49Z","timestamp":1781967049380,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81972953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81972953"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SJS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Xiamen Clinical Key Specialty Construction Program Fund","award":["PM202109150002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PM202109150002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69053-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T12:35:56Z","timestamp":1724157356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Far-infrared radiation alleviates steatohepatitis and fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wumei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijun","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"69053_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21515","volume":"39","author":"J Cai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cai, J., Zhang, X. J. & Li, H. Progress and challenges in the prevention and control of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Med. Res. Rev. 39(1), 328\u2013348 (2019).","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"69053_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28785","volume":"64","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Younossi, Z. M. et al. The economic and clinical burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States and Europe. Hepatology 64(5), 1577\u20131586 (2016).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"69053_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.01.003","volume":"152","author":"D Goldberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goldberg, D. et al. Changes in the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and alcoholic liver disease among patients with cirrhosis or liver failure on the waitlist for liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 152(5), 1090\u20131099 (2017).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"69053_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.11.039","volume":"148","author":"RJ Wong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wong, R. J. et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the second leading etiology of liver disease among adults awaiting liver transplantation in the United States. Gastroenterology 148(3), 547\u2013555 (2015).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"69053_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the, L., D. European Association for the Study of, and O. European Association for the Study of, EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetologia 59(6), 1121\u20131140 (2016).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3902-y"},{"issue":"2","key":"69053_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.10.006","volume":"68","author":"R Younes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Younes, R. & Bugianesi, E. Should we undertake surveillance for HCC in patients with NAFLD?. J. Hepatol. 68(2), 326\u2013334 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"69053_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.09.021","volume":"68","author":"A Lonardo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lonardo, A. et al. Hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis and NASH: Cause or consequence?. J. Hepatol. 68(2), 335\u2013352 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"10290","key":"69053_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32511-3","volume":"397","author":"EE Powell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Powell, E. E., Wong, V. W. & Rinella, M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lancet 397(10290), 2212\u20132224 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"69053_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010269","volume":"5","author":"L Plaghki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Plaghki, L. et al. The fine tuning of pain thresholds: A sophisticated double alarm system. PLoS One 5(4), e10269 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"69053_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000319903.20660.37","volume":"95","author":"AR Sheppard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sheppard, A. R., Swicord, M. L. & Balzano, Q. Quantitative evaluations of mechanisms of radiofrequency interactions with biological molecules and processes. Health Phys. 95(4), 365\u2013396 (2008).","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"issue":"21","key":"69053_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2933248","volume":"128","author":"MS Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee, M. S. et al. Far-infrared absorption of water clusters by first-principles molecular dynamics. J. Chem. Phys. 128(21), 214506 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"69053_CR12","first-page":"255","volume":"4","author":"F Vatansever","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vatansever, F. & Hamblin, M. R. Far infrared radiation (FIR): Its biological effects and medical applications. Photon. Lasers Med. 4, 255\u2013266 (2012).","journal-title":"Photon. Lasers Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"69053_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"CR Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi, C. R. et al. Boosting the immunoactivity of T cells by resonant thermal radiation from electric graphene films for improved cancer immunotherapy. Adv. Ther. 6(2), 1 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"69053_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01299-y","volume":"8","author":"Z Fang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fang, Z. et al. Short-term tamoxifen administration improves hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance through JNK\/MAPK in mice. Signal Transduct. Target Ther. 8(1), 94 (2023).","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"issue":"8","key":"69053_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14938","volume":"177","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Naringenin attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by down-regulating the NLRP3\/NF-kappaB pathway in mice. Br. J. Pharmacol. 177(8), 1806\u20131821 (2020).","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"69053_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","volume":"64","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Younossi, Z. M. et al. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 64(1), 73\u201384 (2016).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"69053_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31173","volume":"72","author":"JM Paik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paik, J. M. et al. Changes in the global burden of chronic liver diseases from 2012 to 2017: The growing impact of NAFLD. Hepatology 72(5), 1605\u20131616 (2020).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"69053_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajg.2022.05.006","volume":"23","author":"ID Vachliotis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vachliotis, I. D. et al. Association between hepatic steatosis and fibrosis indices and dietary habits, physical activity, and quality of life. Arab. J. Gastroenterol. 23(4), 277\u2013287 (2022).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"1","key":"69053_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01119-3","volume":"7","author":"X Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. Targeted therapeutics and novel signaling pathways in non-alcohol-associated fatty liver\/steatohepatitis (NAFL\/NASH). Signal Transduct Target Ther. 7(1), 287 (2022).","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther."},{"issue":"1458","key":"69053_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1126\/science.56.1458.650","volume":"56","author":"HM Evans","year":"1922","unstructured":"Evans, H. M. & Bishop, K. S. On the existence of a hitherto unrecognized dietary factor essential for reproduction. Science 56(1458), 650\u2013651 (1922).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"69053_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1776","volume":"156","author":"Y Ni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ni, Y. et al. Prevention and reversal of lipotoxicity-induced hepatic insulin resistance and steatohepatitis in mice by an antioxidant carotenoid, beta-cryptoxanthin. Endocrinology 156(3), 987\u2013999 (2015).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"9","key":"69053_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093247","volume":"21","author":"PV Dludla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dludla, P. V. et al. Coenzyme Q(10) supplementation improves adipokine levels and alleviates inflammation and lipid peroxidation in conditions of metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21(9), 1 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"69053_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172900","volume":"12","author":"ME Inzaugarat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Inzaugarat, M. E. et al. New evidence for the therapeutic potential of curcumin to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans. PLoS One 12(3), e0172900 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"69053_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112702","volume":"11","author":"DE Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, D. E. et al. Curcumin ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. Nutrients 11(11), 1 (2019).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8 Pt 2","key":"69053_CR25","first-page":"e465","volume":"23","author":"N Kuzu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuzu, N. et al. Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis induced by high fat diet. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 23(8 Pt 2), e465\u2013e470 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"69053_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-013-0516-8","volume":"53","author":"J Xiao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xiao, J. et al. Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates fibrosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease rat model through TGF\/SMAD, PI3 K\/Akt\/FoxO1, and NF-kappa B pathways. Eur. J. Nutr. 53(1), 187\u2013199 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"69053_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2947-0","volume":"76","author":"F Bessone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bessone, F., Razori, M. V. & Roma, M. G. Molecular pathways of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease development and progression. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 76(1), 99\u2013128 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"69053_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.5405\/jmbe.777","volume":"31","author":"TK Leung","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leung, T. K. et al. Direct and indirect effects of ceramic far infrared radiation on the hydrogen peroxide-scavenging capacity and on murine macrophages under oxidative stress. J. Med. Biol. Eng. 31(5), 345\u2013351 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"69053_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/646845","volume":"1","author":"TK Leung","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leung, T. K. et al. Inhibitory effects of far-infrared irradiation generated by ceramic material on murine melanoma cell growth. Int. J. Photoenergy 1, 1 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Photoenergy"},{"issue":"2","key":"69053_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2008.11.005","volume":"53","author":"T Kihara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kihara, T. et al. Waon therapy improves the prognosis of patients with chronic heart failure. J. Cardiol. 53(2), 214\u2013218 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"22","key":"69053_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.08.025","volume":"50","author":"C Tei","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tei, C. et al. Waon therapy improves peripheral arterial disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 50(22), 2169\u20132171 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"69053_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006050534","volume":"18","author":"CC Lin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lin, C. C. et al. Far-infrared therapy: A novel treatment to improve access blood flow and unassisted patency of arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18(3), 985\u2013992 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"issue":"5","key":"69053_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02479.x","volume":"5","author":"D Hern\u00e1ndez-Espinosa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Espinosa, D. et al. effects of hyperthermia on the functional and conformational characteristics of antithrombin. J. Thrombosis Haemost. 5(5), 963\u2013970 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Thrombosis Haemost."},{"issue":"10","key":"69053_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo9100228","volume":"9","author":"AM Ara\u00fajo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, A. M. et al. Hepatic metabolic derangements triggered by hyperthermia: An in vitro metabolomic study. Metabolites 9(10), 1 (2019).","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"1","key":"69053_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1375-5","volume":"20","author":"EJ Walter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walter, E. J. et al. The pathophysiological basis and consequences of fever. Crit. Care 20(1), 200 (2016).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14529-4","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-69053-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-69053-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-69053-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T20:56:35Z","timestamp":1757105795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-69053-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["69053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-69053-8","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14529-4","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 August 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-14529-4","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-14529-4","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19292"}}