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Gilbert Ichthyology Research Fund, Barbara and Craig Barrett"},{"name":"RDL Foundation"},{"name":"NMNH Research Programs"},{"name":"Herbert R. and Evelyn Axelrod Endowment Fund for systematic ichthyology"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009201","name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009201","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>While recent technical breakthroughs have enabled advances in the description of reefs down to 150\u00a0m, the structure and depth zonation of deep-reef communities below 150\u00a0m remains largely unknown. Here, we present results from over 10\u00a0years of deep-reef fish surveys using human-occupied submersibles at four locations across the Caribbean Sea, constituting one of the only continuous reef-fish surveys from 10 to 480\u00a0m (1 site) and 40 to 300\u00a0m (3 sites). We identify four vertically stratified deep-reef fish communities between 40 and 300\u00a0m bordered by an altiphotic (0\u201310\u00a0m) and a deep-sea (300\u2013480\u00a0m) community. We found a strong faunal break around 150\u00a0m that separates mesophotic and rariphotic zones and secondary breaks at\u2009~\u200970 to 90\u00a0m and\u2009~\u2009180 to 200\u00a0m subdividing these zones into upper and lower communities. From 300 to 480\u00a0m in Roat\u00e1n, we found a single fish community dominated by deep-sea families, indicating that the lower boundary of the reef-fish realm occurs at 300\u00a0m.\u00a0No differences were found between communities ranging from 20 to 60\u00a0m, suggesting that fishes from the lower altiphotic and upper mesophotic form an ecological continuum. While some variability was observed across sites, the overall depth zonation and key species characterizing depth zones were consistent. Most deep-reef species observed were depth specialists restricted to a single depth zone, but many shallow-reef species extended down to mesophotic depths. Depth segregation among species of a genus was found across ten reef-fish genera and likely constitutes one of the mechanisms driving community distinctiveness and thereby\u00a0fish diversity across depths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69774-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T13:52:59Z","timestamp":1724421179000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vertical structure of Caribbean deep-reef fishes from the altiphotic to deep-sea boundary"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Juliette","family":"Jacquemont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Brandl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily P.","family":"McFarland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Claudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole C.","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Tornabene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"69774_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622856","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.622856","volume":"8","author":"G Eyal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eyal, G., Laverick, J. 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