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Archaeological wood and El\u2013Hamra Lake serve as a substrate for a diverse range of microorganisms, including archaea, although the exact role of archaea in archaeological wood biodeterioration remains unclear. The morphological and chemical characterizations of archaeological wood were evaluated using FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The degradation of polysaccharides was identified in Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR). The degradation of wood was observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The energy dispersive X\u2013ray spectroscopy (EDX) revealed the inclusion of minerals, such as calcium, silicon, iron, and sulfur, into archaeological wood structure during burial and subsequent interaction with the surrounding environment. Archaea may also be associated with detected silica in archaeological wood since several organosilicon compounds have been found in the crude extracts of archaeal cells. Archaeal species were isolated from water and sediment samples from various sites in El\u2013Hamra Lake and identified as <jats:italic>Natronococcus<\/jats:italic> sp. strain WNHS2, <jats:italic>Natrialba hulunbeirensis<\/jats:italic>strain WNHS14, <jats:italic>Natrialba chahannaoensis<\/jats:italic> strain WNHS9, and <jats:italic>Natronococcus occultus<\/jats:italic> strain WNHS5. Additionally, three archaeal isolates were obtained from archaeological wood samples and identified as <jats:italic>Natrialba chahannaoensis<\/jats:italic>strain W15, <jats:italic>Natrialba chahannaoensis<\/jats:italic>strain W22, and <jats:italic>Natrialba chahannaoensis<\/jats:italic>strain W24. These archaeal isolates exhibited haloalkaliphilic characteristics since they could thrive in environments with high salinity and alkalinity. Crude extracts of archaeal cells were analyzed for the organic compounds using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS). A total of 59 compounds were identified, including free saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acid esters, ethyl and methyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids, glycerides, phthalic acid esters, organosiloxane, terpene, alkane, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, ester, ether, and aromatic compounds. Several organic compounds exhibited promising biological activities. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of various functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxylate, siloxane, trimethylsilyl, and long acyl chains in the archaeal extracts. Furthermore, the archaeal extracts exhibited antioxidant effects. This study demonstrates the potential of archaeal extracts as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70411-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T05:02:16Z","timestamp":1725858136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Microbial dynamics, chemical profile, and bioactive potential of diverse Egyptian marine environments from archaeological wood to soda lake"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ghada E.","family":"Hegazy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madelyn N.","family":"Moawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah Samir","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia A.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelwahab","family":"Abeer E","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Oraby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasser R.","family":"Abdel\u2013Fattah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"70411_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00023\/abstract","author":"S-V Albers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Albers, S.-V. & Jarrell, K. F. The archaellum: how archaea swim. Front. Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00023\/abstract (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"70411_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torregrosa\u2013Crespo J, Galiana CP, Mart\u00ednez\u2013Espinosa RM. Biocompounds from Haloarchaea and Their Uses in Biotechnology. Archaea \u2013 New Biocatal Nov Pharm Var Biotechnol Appl. InTech, https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/vol16no1\/gc-ms-profiling-of-reproductive-stage-withania-somnifera-for-antimicrobial-and-anticancer-phytochemicals\/, (2017).","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.69944"},{"key":"70411_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-022-00252-w","author":"B Dutta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dutta, B. & Bandopadhyay, R. Biotechnological potentials of halophilic microorganisms and their impact on mankind. 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