{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T04:34:40Z","timestamp":1767155680899,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Earth","award":["KF2023ZD01-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF2023ZD01-05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70846-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T06:02:54Z","timestamp":1725602574000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["LEO navigation observables extraction using CLOCFC network"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhisen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiang","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"70846_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morales, J., Khalife, J. & Kassas, Z. M. Simultaneous tracking of orbcomm LEO Satellites and inertial navigation system aiding using Doppler measurements. In 2019 IEEE 89th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Spring) pp. 1\u20136 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VTCSpring.2019.8746485.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2019.8746485"},{"key":"70846_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.234","volume":"65","author":"TGR Reid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reid, T. G. R., Neish, A. M., Walter, T. & Enge, P. K. Broadband LEO constellations for navigation. Navig. J. Inst. Navig. 65, 205\u2013220 (2018).","journal-title":"Navig. J. Inst. Navig."},{"key":"70846_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khalife, J. J. & Kassas, Z. M. Receiver design for Doppler positioning with LEO satellites. In ICASSP 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 5506\u20135510 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICASSP.2019.8682554.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2019.8682554"},{"key":"70846_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morales, J. J., Khalife, J., Cruz, U. S. & Kassas, Z. M. Orbit modeling for simultaneous tracking and navigation using LEO satellite signals. In Miami, Florida, pp. 2090\u20132099 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33012\/2019.17029.","DOI":"10.33012\/2019.17029"},{"key":"70846_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ardito, C. T., Morales, J. J., Khalife, J., Abdallah, Ali, A. & Kassas, Z. M. Performance evaluation of navigation using LEO satellite signals with periodically transmitted satellite positions, Reston, Virginia, pp. 306\u2013318 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33012\/2019.16743.","DOI":"10.33012\/2019.16743"},{"key":"70846_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Orabi, M., Khalife, J. & Kassas, Z. M. Opportunistic navigation with Doppler measurements from iridium next and Orbcomm LEO satellites. In 2021 IEEE Aerospace Conference (50100), pp. 1\u20139 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AERO50100.2021.9438454.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO50100.2021.9438454"},{"key":"70846_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83412","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2924470","volume":"7","author":"Z Tan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tan, Z., Qin, H., Cong, L. & Zhao, C. New method for positioning using IRIDIUM satellite signals of opportunity. IEEE Access 7, 83412\u201383423 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"70846_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"72","author":"N Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, N., Qin, H. & Zhao, C. Long-baseline differential Doppler positioning using space-based SOP based on BPVGMM. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 72, 1\u201310 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"70846_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3003791","volume":"24","author":"Q Wei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wei, Q., Chen, X. & Zhan, Y. F. Exploring implicit pilots for precise estimation of LEO satellite downlink Doppler frequency. IEEE Commun. Lett. 24, 2270\u20132274 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"70846_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morales-Ferre, R., Lohan, E. S., Falco, G. & Falletti, E. GDOP-based analysis of suitability of LEO constellations for future satellite-based positioning. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE), pp. 147\u2013152 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WiSEE44079.2020.9262624.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE44079.2020.9262624"},{"key":"70846_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5866","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205866","volume":"20","author":"F Farhangian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farhangian, F. & Landry, R. Multi-constellation software-defined receiver for Doppler positioning with LEO satellites. Sensors 20, 5866 (2020).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"70846_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194765","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3033626","volume":"8","author":"A Minetto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Minetto, A., Gurrieri, A. & Dovis, F. A cognitive particle filter for collaborative DGNSS positioning. IEEE Access 8, 194765\u2013194779 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"70846_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2021.1964386","volume":"25","author":"L Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, L. et al. Signal acquisition of Luojia-1A low earth orbit navigation augmentation system with software defined receiver. Geo-Spatial Inf. Sci. 25, 47\u201362 (2022).","journal-title":"Geo-Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"70846_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072541","volume":"22","author":"N Jardak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jardak, N. & Jault, Q. The potential of LEO satellite-based opportunistic navigation for high dynamic applications. Sensors 22, 2541 (2022).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"70846_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1177\/09544100221113123","volume":"237","author":"F Farhangian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farhangian, F. & Landry, R. High-order pseudorange rate measurement model for multi-constellation LEO\/INS integration: case of Iridium-NEXT, Orbcomm, and Globalstar. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G J. Aerosp. Eng. 237, 925\u2013939 (2023).","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"70846_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"72","author":"C Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, C., Qin, H., Wu, N. & Wang, D. Analysis of baseline impact on differential Doppler positioning and performance improvement method for LEO opportunistic navigation. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 72, 1\u201310 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"70846_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kozhaya, S., Kanj, H. & Kassas, Z. M. Multi-constellation blind beacon estimation, Doppler tracking, and opportunistic positioning with oneweb, Starlink, Iridium NEXT, and Orbcomm LEO Satellites. In 2023 IEEE\/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), pp. 1184\u20131195 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PLANS53410.2023.10139969.","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS53410.2023.10139969"},{"key":"70846_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ngo, T., Kelley, B. T. & Rad, P. Deep learning based prediction of doppler shift for mobile communications. In 2021 Telecoms Conference (ConfTELE), pp. 1\u20136 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ConfTELE50222.2021.9435519.","DOI":"10.1109\/ConfTELE50222.2021.9435519"},{"key":"70846_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu, B., Chen, W. & Qu, C. Deep learning for weak signal acquisition: correlation peak pixel absolute position using deep CNNs. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Computing (ICSPCC), pp. 1\u20136 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSPCC52875.2021.9564619.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCC52875.2021.9564619"},{"key":"70846_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ngo, T., Kelley, B. & Paul, R. Deep learning for signal processing with predictions of channel profile, Doppler shift and signal-to-noise ratio. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36227\/techrxiv.14787810.v1 (2021).","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.14787810.v1"},{"key":"70846_CR21","unstructured":"Fan, Q., Huang, H., Guan, J. & He, R. Rethinking local perception in lightweight vision transformer. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2303.17803 (2023)."},{"key":"70846_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-022-00556-7","volume":"4","author":"R Hasani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hasani, R. et al. Closed-form continuous-time neural networks. Nat. Mach. Intell. 4, 992\u20131003 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"70846_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S. & Sun, J. Deep residual learning for image recognition. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"70846_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z. et al. Swin transformer: Hierarchical vision transformer using shifted windows. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 10012\u201310022 (2021).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00986"},{"key":"70846_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Park, N. & Kim, S. How Do Vision Transformers Work? Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2202.06709 (2022)","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2202.06709"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81265-6","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-70846-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-70846-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-70846-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T02:05:01Z","timestamp":1734055501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-70846-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["70846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-70846-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2024","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-81265-6","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-81265-6","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20578"}}