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However, taVNS studies show high heterogeneity of stimulation effects. Therefore, a taVNS setup was established here to test different frequencies (10\u00a0Hz and 25\u00a0Hz) and intensities (3\u00a0mA and 5\u00a0mA) during phasic stimulation (3\u00a0s) with time-synchronous recording of pupil dilation in younger adults. Specifically, phasic real taVNS and higher intensity led to increased pupil dilation, which is consistent with phasic invasive VNS studies in animals. The results also suggest that the influence of intensity on pupil dilation may be stronger than that of frequency. However, there was an attenuation of taVNS-induced pupil dilation when differences in perception of sensations were considered. Specifically, pupil dilation during phasic stimulation increased with perceived stimulation intensity. The extent to which the effect of taVNS induces pupil dilation and the involvement of sensory perception in the stimulation process are discussed here and require more extensive research. Additionally, it is crucial to strive for comparable stimulation sensations during systematic parameter testing in order to investigate possible effects of phasic taVNS on pupil dilation in more detail.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72179-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T13:04:08Z","timestamp":1729170248000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Evaluating phasic transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) with pupil dilation: the importance of stimulation intensity and sensory perception"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mareike","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calida","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Keute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emrah","family":"D\u00fczel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Betts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothea","family":"H\u00e4mmerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"72179_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102900","author":"M Ludwig","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ludwig, M., Wienke, C., Betts, M. 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M.L., C.P., M.K., M.J.B., D.H. have nothing to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of medical faculty at the Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg (reference no. 107\/20) and was carried out in accordance with the ethical standards of Helsinki. A written informed consent was obtained from each subject before participation, and they were reimbursed with 90 Euros.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval, written informed consent, and compensation"}}],"article-number":"24391"}}