{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T23:58:16Z","timestamp":1793231896494,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72551-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T05:02:31Z","timestamp":1727672551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Analyzing stroke burden and risk factors in India using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Deepak Kumar","family":"Behera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dil B.","family":"Rahut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghamitra","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"72551_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The Top 10 Causes of Death. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/the-top-10-causes-of-death (2020)."},{"key":"72551_CR2","first-page":"795","volume":"20","author":"GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators","year":"2019","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 20, 795\u2013820 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"72551_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308413","volume":"120","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feigin, V. L., Norrving, B. & Mensah, G. A. Global burden of stroke. Circ. Res. 120, 439\u2013448 (2017).","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"72551_CR4","first-page":"e662","volume":"6","author":"India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Stroke Collaborators","year":"2018","unstructured":"India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Stroke Collaborators. The burden of stroke in India: A systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet Glob. Health 6, e662\u2013e671 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"72551_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.168631","volume":"19","author":"TK Banerjee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Banerjee, T. K. & Das, S. K. Fifty years of stroke research in India. Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol. 19, 1\u20138 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"72551_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743237","volume":"118","author":"SK Das","year":"2008","unstructured":"Das, S. K. & Banerjee, T. K. Stroke: Indian scenario. Circulation 118, 2719\u20132724 (2008).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"72551_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2018.02.003","volume":"70","author":"R Gupta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gupta, R. & Xavier, D. Hypertension: The most important non-communicable disease risk factor in India. Indian Heart J. 70, 565\u2013572 (2018).","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"72551_CR8","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","author":"International Diabetes Federation","year":"2019","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas 9th edn. (International Diabetes Federation, 2019).","edition":"9"},{"key":"72551_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008729","volume":"133","author":"D Prabhakaran","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prabhakaran, D., Jeemon, P. & Roy, A. Cardiovascular diseases in India: Current epidemiology and future directions. Circulation 133, 1605\u20131620 (2016).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"72551_CR10","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Ayushman Bharat for a New India\u20142022. https:\/\/www.pmjay.gov.in\/about\/ayushman-bharat-yojana (2018)."},{"key":"72551_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2023.100308","volume":"23","author":"S Rangamani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rangamani, S. et al. Stroke incidence, mortality, subtypes in rural and urban populations in five geographic areas of India (2018\u20132019): Results from the National Stroke Registry Programme. Lancet Reg. Health Southeast Asia 23, 100308 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Southeast Asia"},{"key":"72551_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00164-9","volume":"9","author":"G Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh, G. et al. The burden of neurological disorders across the states of India: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990\u20132019. Lancet Glob. Health 9, e1129\u2013e1144 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"72551_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649503","volume":"38","author":"M Katan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Katan, M. & Luft, A. Global burden of stroke. Semin. Neurol. 38, 208\u2013211 (2018).","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"72551_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.07.023","volume":"76","author":"D Mukherjee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mukherjee, D. & Patil, C. G. Epidemiology and the global burden of stroke. World Neurosurg. 76, S85\u2013S90 (2011).","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"72551_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.317240","volume":"69","author":"S Khurana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khurana, S., Gourie-Devi, M., Sharma, S. & Kushwaha, S. Burden of stroke in India During 1960 to 2018: A systematic review and meta-analysis of community based surveys. Neurol. India 69, 547 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"72551_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20609","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207609","volume":"21","author":"D Kuriakose","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuriakose, D. & Xiao, Z. Pathophysiology and treatment of stroke: Present status and future perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 20609 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"358","key":"72551_CR17","first-page":"367","volume":"107","author":"S Kaul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaul, S., Bandaru, V. C. S. S., Suvarna, A. & Boddu, D. B. Stroke burden and risk factors in developing countries with special reference to India. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 107(358), 367\u2013370 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Indian Med. Assoc."},{"key":"72551_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002915","volume":"39","author":"CVS Ram","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ram, C. V. S. et al. Risk factors predisposing to acute stroke in India: A prospective study. J. Hypertens. 39, 2183 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"72551_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092432","volume":"11","author":"R Marwaha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marwaha, R. & Reddy, K. S. Management of diabetes mellitus and stroke risk reduction in India. J. Clin. Med. 11, 2432 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"72551_CR20","first-page":"19","volume":"66","author":"S Mendis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mendis, S. & Puska, P. Tobacco use and stroke in India: The current status and future directions. Indian J. Public Health 66, 19 (2022).","journal-title":"Indian J. Public Health"},{"key":"72551_CR21","first-page":"105","volume":"12","author":"SS Nair","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nair, S. S., Reddy, S. & Sahu, S. Lipid profiles in stroke patients: Insights from the Indian context. J. Cardiovasc. Dis. Res. 12, 105\u2013110 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"72551_CR22","first-page":"143","volume":"35","author":"M Babu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Babu, M. & Kurup, P. Promoting physical activity as a strategy for stroke prevention in India. Indian J. Sports Med. 35, 143\u2013147 (2019).","journal-title":"Indian J. Sports Med."},{"key":"72551_CR23","first-page":"49","volume":"7","author":"S Joshi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Joshi, S. & Kaur, J. Dietary modifications and stroke prevention in Indian populations. J. Nutr. Health Food Eng. 7, 49\u201356 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Food Eng."},{"key":"72551_CR24","unstructured":"WHO. Global Health Estimates: Leading Causes of Death. (World Health Organization)."},{"key":"72551_CR25","volume-title":"National Health Policy 2017","author":"Government of India","year":"2017","unstructured":"Government of India. National Health Policy 2017 (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2017)."},{"key":"72551_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00955-1","volume":"386","author":"V Patel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patel, V. et al. Assuring health coverage for all in India. Lancet 386, 2422\u20132435 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"72551_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61960-5","volume":"377","author":"KS Reddy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reddy, K. S. et al. Responding to the threat of chronic diseases in India. Lancet 377, 541\u2013548 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"72551_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e049988","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049988","volume":"11","author":"SM van Niekerk","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Niekerk, S. M. et al. Towards universal health coverage for people with stroke in South Africa: A scoping review. BMJ Open 11, e049988 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"72551_CR29","first-page":"112571","volume":"244","author":"A Nandi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nandi, A. et al. Early life exposure to maternal health care and chronic disease risk in India. Soc. Sci. Med. 244, 112571 (2020).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"72551_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2015.00245","volume":"3","author":"D Barik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barik, D. & Thorat, A. Issues of unequal access to public health in India. Front. Public Health 3, 245 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"72551_CR31","first-page":"576","volume":"33","author":"A Pandey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pandey, A. et al. Evidence from the India hypertension control initiative\u2014A public health success story. J. Hum. Hypertens. 33, 576\u2013586 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"72551_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.09.018","volume":"323","author":"KC Chang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chang, K. C. et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of stroke management under a universal health insurance system. J. Neurol. Sci. 323, 205\u2013215 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"72551_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30750-9","volume":"396","author":"HA Gesesew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gesesew, H. A. et al. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1250\u20131284 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"72551_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3626-9","volume":"11","author":"DM E Melo Lucena","year":"2018","unstructured":"E Melo Lucena, D. M. et al. Correlation between municipal human development index and stroke mortality: A study of Brazilian capitals. BMC Res. Notes 11, 1\u20136 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"72551_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-12-42","volume":"12","author":"SH Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu, S. H. et al. Worldwide socioeconomic status and stroke mortality: An ecological study. Int. J. Equity Health 12, 1\u201311 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity Health"},{"key":"72551_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0227157","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227157","volume":"15","author":"M Das","year":"2020","unstructured":"Das, M. et al. The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum context. PLoS ONE 15, e0227157 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"72551_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.632158","volume":"43","author":"LA Sposato","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sposato, L. A. & Saposnik, G. Gross domestic product and health expenditure associated with incidence, 30-day fatality, and age at stroke onset: A systematic review. Stroke 43, 170\u2013177 (2012).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"72551_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107333","volume":"32","author":"V Ramamoorthy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramamoorthy, V. et al. Healthcare expenditure trends among adult stroke patients in the United States, 2011\u20132020. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 32, 107333 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"72551_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/14737167.2021.1941883","volume":"22","author":"SR Rajasulochana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rajasulochana, S. R. & Kar, S. S. Economic burden associated with stroke in India: Insights from national sample survey 2017\u201318. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 22, 455\u2013463 (2022).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res."},{"key":"72551_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_516_15","volume":"146","author":"S Kamalakannan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kamalakannan, S. et al. Incidence & prevalence of stroke in India: A systematic review. Indian J. Med. Res. 146, 175\u2013185 (2017).","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"72551_CR41","unstructured":"IHME. Global Burden of Disease 2021: Findings from the GBD 2021 Study. https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-results\/ (Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2024)."},{"key":"72551_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","volume":"403","author":"M Brauer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brauer, M. et al. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403, 2162\u20132203 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"72551_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1397-3","volume":"17","author":"A Avan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Avan, A. et al. Socioeconomic status and stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, and worldwide burden: An ecological analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. BMC Med. 17, 1\u201330 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"72551_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001730","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001730","volume":"11","author":"M Ng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ng, M. et al. Effective coverage: A metric for monitoring universal health coverage. PLoS Med. 11, e1001730 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"72551_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12962-023-00451-x","volume":"21","author":"RK Mohanty","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohanty, R. K. & Behera, D. K. Heterogeneity in health funding and disparities in health outcome: A comparison between high focus and non-high focus states in India. Cost Eff. Resour. Alloc. 21, 44 (2023).","journal-title":"Cost Eff. Resour. Alloc."},{"key":"72551_CR46","unstructured":"IHME. Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021). Results. https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-results\/ (Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network, 2022)."},{"key":"72551_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s41685-020-00158-4","volume":"4","author":"DK Behera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Behera, D. K. & Dash, U. Is health expenditure effective for achieving healthcare goals? Empirical evidence from South-East Asia Region. Asia-Pac. J. Reg. Sci. 4, 593\u2013618 (2020).","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"72551_CR48","unstructured":"WHO. Global Health Observatory Database. https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho (2024)."},{"key":"72551_CR49","unstructured":"WHO. Global Health Expenditure Database. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/nha\/database (2024)."},{"key":"72551_CR50","unstructured":"UNDP. Human Development Report 2021\u201322: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World. https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/content\/human-development-report-2021-22 (United Nations Development Programme, 2022)."},{"key":"72551_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S517","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302200","volume":"104","author":"M Marmot","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marmot, M. & Allen, J. J. Social determinants of health equity. Am. J. Public Health 104, S517\u2013S519 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-72551-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-72551-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-72551-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T09:08:16Z","timestamp":1727946496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-72551-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["72551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-72551-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This paper utilizes secondary data available from the open-access repository of the Institute of Health Metrics Evaluation (IHME), which is in the public domain; therefore, no ethical clearance is required. The study did not involve any direct or indirect human participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"22640"}}