{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:49:26Z","timestamp":1793710166532,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002352","name":"Ain Shams University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The growth of material science and technology places high importance on creating better processes for synthesizing copper nanoparticles. Thus, an easy, ecological, and benign process for producing copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) has been developed using\n                    <jats:italic>Priestia<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. bacteria utilizing a variety of low-cost agro-industrial wastes and byproducts. The biosynthesis of CuNPs was conducted using glucose medium and copper ions salt solution, then it was replaced by utilizing low-cost agro-industrial wastes. UV\u2013visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), Attenuated Total Reflectance and Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and zeta potential were used to characterize the biosynthesized CuNPs. The cytotoxicity of CuNPs using Vero -CCL-81 cell lines, and antibacterial and antitumor properties using human colon epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2-HTB-37 cell lines were assessed. The UV\u2013visible and DLS studies revealed CuNPs formation, with a maximum concentration of 6.19\u00a0ppm after 48\u00a0h, as indicated by a 0.58 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) within 450\u00a0nm and 57.73\u00a0nm particle size. The 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>Priestia<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. isolate is closely related to\n                    <jats:italic>Priestia megaterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and has been deposited in the NCBI GenBank with accession number AMD 2024. The biosynthesis with various agro-industrial wastes indicated blackstrap sugar cane molasses being the most effective for reducing CuNPs size to 3.12\u00a0nm owing to various reducing and stabilizing active compounds. The CuNPs were free of contaminants, with a sphere-shaped structure and a cytotoxicity assessment with an IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 367.27\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL. The antibacterial activity exhibited by the most susceptible bacteria were\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 11788 and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 6538 with inhibition zones of 26.0\u00a0mm and 28.0\u00a0mm, respectively. The antitumor effect showed an IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    dose of 175.36\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL. Based on the findings, the current work sought to lower product costs and provide a practical solution to the environmental contamination issues brought on by the buildup of agricultural wastes. In addition, the obtained CuNPs could be applied in many fields such as pharmaceuticals, water purification, and agricultural applications as future aspects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72598-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T10:02:31Z","timestamp":1728468151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Copper nanoparticles biosynthesis by Priestia megaterium and its application as antibacterial and antitumor agents"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3086-4096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salma H.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Badawi A.","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3009-332X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basma T.","family":"Abd-Elhalim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed N. Abou","family":"Seada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"72598_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060886","volume":"11","author":"B Koul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koul, B., Poonia, A. K., Yadav, D. & Jin, J. O. Microbe-mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles: Applications and future prospects. Biomolecules. 11, 886 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"key":"72598_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbiot.2024.100227","volume":"7","author":"T Bhuyan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhuyan, T. et al. Therapeutic potential of lipopeptide biosurfactant-fabricated copper oxide nanoparticles: Mechanistic insight into their biocompatibility using zebra fish. Curr. Res. Biotechnol. 7, 100227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crbiot.2024.100227 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Biotechnol."},{"key":"72598_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talo.2021.100080","volume":"5","author":"GM Nair","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nair, G. M., Sajinia, T. & Mathewb, B. Advanced green approaches for metal and metal oxide nanoparticles synthesis and their environmental applications. Talanta open. 5, 100080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.talo.2021.100080 (2021).","journal-title":"Talanta open."},{"issue":"2","key":"72598_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020378","volume":"11","author":"A Carrapi\u00e7o","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carrapi\u00e7o, A., Martins, M. R., Caldeira, A. T., Mir\u00e3o, J. & Dias, L. Biosynthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles using microbial cultures: Mechanisms, antimicrobial activity and applications to cultural heritage. Microorg. 11(2), 378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11020378 (2023).","journal-title":"Microorg."},{"issue":"4","key":"72598_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.07.371","volume":"18","author":"LA Kolahalam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kolahalam, L. A. et al. Review on nanomaterials: synthesis and applications. Mater. Today Proc. 18(4), 2182\u20132190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.07.371 (2019).","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"issue":"1","key":"72598_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54460-8","volume":"14","author":"MA Ashour","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashour, M. A. & Abd-Elhalim, B. T. Biosynthesis and biocompatibility evaluation of zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared using Priestia megaterium bacteria. Sci. Rep. 14(1), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-54460-8 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"72598_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140010","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1140010","volume":"11","author":"S Talebian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Talebian, S., Shahnavaz, B., Nejabat, M., Abolhassani, Y. & Rassouli, F. B. Bacterial-mediated synthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles with antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer potentials. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 11, 1140010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1140010 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"72598_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.21123\/bsj.2022.6532","volume":"7","author":"LI Zaynitdinova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zaynitdinova, L. I., Kukanova, S. I., Juraeva, R. N., Ergashev, R. B. & Tashpulatov, J. J. Synthesis of copper nanoparticles in presence of microorganism. Eur. J. Mol. Clin. Med. 7(2), 1141\u20131147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21123\/bsj.2022.6532 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mol. Clin. Med."},{"key":"72598_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113367","volume":"168","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuan, Y. et al. In vitro analysis of green synthesized copper nanoparticles using Chloroxylon swietenia leaves for dye degradation and antimicrobial application. FCT. 168, 113367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113367 (2022).","journal-title":"FCT."},{"key":"72598_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10080852","volume":"10","author":"P Ghosh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghosh, P., Fawcett, D., Sharma, B. S. & Gerrard, J. P. Production of high-value nanoparticles via biogenic processes using aquacultural and horticultural food waste. Mater. 10, 852\u2013870 (2017).","journal-title":"Mater."},{"key":"72598_CR11","unstructured":"DIFCO. Dehydrated culture Media and reagents for Microbiology. 10th Ed. Difco Laboratories, Detroit, M. (ed.) U.S.A. (1984)."},{"key":"72598_CR12","volume-title":"Microbiological Applications: Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology","author":"HJ Benson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Benson, H. J. Microbiological Applications: Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology 8th edn. (McGraw Hill, 2002).","edition":"8"},{"key":"72598_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-8258.97129","volume":"6","author":"A Sen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sen, A. & Batra, A. Determination of antimicrobial potentialities of different solvent extracts of the medicinal plant: Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn.. Int J Green Pharm. 6, 50\u201356 (2012).","journal-title":"Int J Green Pharm."},{"issue":"9","key":"72598_CR14","first-page":"374","volume":"3","author":"S Shantkriti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shantkriti, S. & Rani, P. Biological synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Pseudomonas fluorescens. Int. J. Curr. Microb. Appl. Sci. 3(9), 374\u2013383 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microb. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"72598_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2020.105854","volume":"170","author":"D Sune","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sune, D., Rydberg, H., Augustinsson, \u00c5. N., Serrander, L. & Jungestr\u00f6m, M. B. Optimization of 16S rRNA gene analysis for use in the diagnostic clinical microbiology service. J. Microb. Meth. 170, 105854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mimet.2020.105854 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Microb. Meth."},{"issue":"7","key":"72598_CR16","first-page":"2064","volume":"6","author":"P Singh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh, P. & Rani, A. Isolation and partial characterization of amylase producing Bacillus sp. from Soil. Int J Pharmtech Res. 6(7), 2064\u20132069 (2014).","journal-title":"Int J Pharmtech Res."},{"key":"72598_CR17","first-page":"535","volume-title":"The chemistry and biology of yeasts","author":"M Pyke","year":"1958","unstructured":"Pyke, M. The chemistry and biology of yeasts 535\u2013586 (Academic press, 1958)."},{"key":"72598_CR18","first-page":"96","volume":"1","author":"NP Guerra","year":"2002","unstructured":"Guerra, N. P. & Pastrana, L. Dynamics of pediocin biosynthesis in batch fermentation on whey. EJEAFChe, Agric. Food Chem. 1, 96\u2013106 (2002).","journal-title":"EJEAFChe, Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"72598_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-017-0615-5","volume":"15","author":"RC Kasana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kasana, R. C., Panwar, N. R., Kaul, R. K. & Kumar, P. Biosynthesis and effects of copper nanoparticles on plants. Environ. Chem. Lett. 15, 233\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10311-017-0615-5 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"72598_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.21608\/nrmj.2019.66748","volume":"3","author":"BT Abd-Elhalim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abd-Elhalim, B. T., Gamal, R. F., Abou-Taleb, K. H. A. & Haroun, A. A. Biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using bacterial supernatant optimized with certain agro-industrial byproducts. NRMJ. 3(6), 558\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/nrmj.2019.66748 (2019).","journal-title":"NRMJ."},{"key":"72598_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aoas.2021.01.006","volume":"66","author":"GF Galal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Galal, G. F., Abd-Elhalima, B. T., Abou-Taleba, K. A., Harounb, A. A. & Gamal, R. F. Toxicity assessment of green synthesized Cu nanoparticles by cell-free extract of Pseudomonas silesiensis as antitumor cancer and antimicrobial. Ann. Agric. Sci. 66, 8\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aoas.2021.01.006 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"72598_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49918-0","volume":"14","author":"AR Chowdhury","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chowdhury, A. R. et al. Inhibitory role of copper and silver nanocomposite on important bacterial and fungal pathogens in rice (Oryza sativa). Sci. Rep. 14, 1779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-49918-0 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"72598_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123611","volume":"26","author":"LB Truong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Truong, L. B., Medina-Cruz, D., Mostafavi, E. & Rabiee, N. Selenium nanomaterials to combat antimicrobial resistance. Molecules 26, 3611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26123611 (2021).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"72598_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2012.27.10","volume":"4","author":"P Singariya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singariya, P., Mourya, K. K. & Kumar, P. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts of withania somnifera and cenchrus setigerus. in-vitro. Pharmacogn J. 4, 60\u201365 (2012).","journal-title":"Pharmacogn J."},{"key":"72598_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43955-5","volume":"13","author":"AI Ahmed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmed, A. I., Abou-Taleb, K. A. & Abd-Elhalim, B. T. Characterization and application of tannase and gallic acid produced by co-fungi of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride utilizing agro-residues substrates. Sci. Rep. 13, 16755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-43955-5 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"72598_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42103-3","volume":"13","author":"M Amr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amr, M. et al. Utilization of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Agaricus Bisporus Extract for Food Safety Application: Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial Efficacy, and Toxicological Assessment. Sci. Rep. 13, 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-42103-3 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"72598_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(94)90034-5","volume":"174","author":"AA van de Loosdrecht","year":"1998","unstructured":"van de Loosdrecht, A. A., Beelen, R. H. J., Ossenkoppele, G. J., Broekhoven, M. G. & Langenhuijsen, M. M. A. C. A tetrazolium-based colorimetric MTT assay to quantitate human monocyte mediated cytotoxicity against leukemic cells from cell lines and patients with acute myeloid leukemia. J. Immun. Meth. 174, 311\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-1759(94)90034-5 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Immun. Meth."},{"key":"72598_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3001478","volume":"11","author":"DB Duncan","year":"1955","unstructured":"Duncan, D. B. Multiple ranges and multiple f test. Biomet. 11, 1\u201342 (1955).","journal-title":"Biomet."},{"key":"72598_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd9210","author":"LH Gracioso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gracioso, L. H. et al. Copper mining bacteria: Converting toxic copper ions into a stable single-atom copper. Sci. Adv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abd9210 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"72598_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3126\/bibechana.v17i0.23485","volume":"17","author":"SP Amatya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amatya, S. P. & Joshi, L. P. Bio-synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using garlic extract to investigate antibacterial activity. J. Phys. Sci. 17, 13\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3126\/bibechana.v17i0.23485 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"72598_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.20959\/wjpr20199-15432","volume":"8","author":"C Sivakumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sivakumar, C., Rajan, A. P. & Kousalya, G. N. Roots extract mediated green synthesis of copper nano particles using acorus calamus and its characterization. World J Pharm Res. 8(9), 975\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20959\/wjpr20199-15432 (2019).","journal-title":"World J Pharm Res."},{"key":"72598_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12876","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92171-6","volume":"11","author":"SF Zaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zaki, S. F., Kamal, A., Ashmawy, N. A. & Shoeib, A. A. Nano-metals forming bacteria in Egypt. I. Synthesis, characterization and effect on some phytopathogenic bacteria in vitro. Sci Rep. 11, 12876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-92171-6 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"72598_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.56042\/ijct.v30i3.69307","volume":"30","author":"RG Blessikha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Blessikha, R. G. & Raj, C. I. S. Amalgamation of copper nanoparticles of assorted size using Nelumbo nucifera (lotus) leaf and its bioelectrical assay. Ind. J. Chem. Technol. 30, 385\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56042\/ijct.v30i3.69307 (2023).","journal-title":"Ind. J. Chem. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"72598_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-017-2399-8","volume":"12","author":"M Din","year":"2017","unstructured":"Din, M., Arshad, F., Hussain, Z. & Maria, M. Green adeptness in the synthesis and stabilization of copper nanoparticles: Catalytic, antibacterial, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activities. NRL. 12(1), 638\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11671-017-2399-8 (2017).","journal-title":"NRL."},{"issue":"5","key":"72598_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3390\/md19050263","volume":"19","author":"MS John","year":"2021","unstructured":"John, M. S. et al. Biogenic synthesis of copper nanoparticles using bacterial strains isolated from an antarctic consortium associated to a psychrophilic marine ciliate: characterization and potential application as antimicrobial agents. Mar. Drug. 19(5), 263 (2021).","journal-title":"Mar. Drug."},{"issue":"4","key":"72598_CR36","first-page":"2320","volume":"8","author":"P Kashyap","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kashyap, P., Kaushal, S., Thakur, P. & Shirkot, P. Bacterial diversity study for synthesis of copper nanoparticles. JPP. 8(4), 2320\u20132325 (2019).","journal-title":"JPP."},{"issue":"9","key":"72598_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"095402","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ac233f","volume":"8","author":"F Elahian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elahian, F. et al. Screening of copper resistant microorganisms in mines and mathematical modeling of bioaccumulation and extracellular nanoparticle biosynthesis by Bacillus cereus. Mater Res. Express. 8(9), 095402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2053-1591\/ac233f (2021).","journal-title":"Mater Res. Express."},{"key":"72598_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2016.08.008","volume":"51","author":"M Tiwari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tiwari, M. et al. Biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using copper-resistant Bacillus cereus, a soil isolate. Proc Biochem. 51, 1348\u20131356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procbio.2016.08.008 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc Biochem."},{"key":"72598_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Omran, B.A. Biosynthesized nanomaterials via processing of different plant parts (phytonanotechnology) and biovalorization of agro-industrial wastes to nano-sized valuable products. in: nanobiotechnology: a multidisciplinary field of science. Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences. Spring Cham. 145\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-46071-6_5 (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-46071-6_5"},{"issue":"2","key":"72598_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2015.0016","volume":"10","author":"G Anna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anna, G. et al. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Bacillus subtilis T-1 growing on agro-industrial wastes and producing biosurfactant. Int J Eng Technol. 10(2), 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/iet-nbt.2015.0016 (2015).","journal-title":"Int J Eng Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"72598_CR41","first-page":"40","volume":"4","author":"AM Sherien","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sherien, A. M., Mohamed, A., Nadia, G. E. L. G. & Aliaa, R. E. L. S. Biosynthesis of zinc nanoparticles and its effect on enzymes production from Chaetomium globosum using different agricultural wastes. JIPBS. 4(2), 40\u201345 (2017).","journal-title":"JIPBS."},{"issue":"2","key":"72598_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0320276","volume":"32","author":"T Satyanarayana","year":"2004","unstructured":"Satyanarayana, T. et al. Development of an ideal starch saccharification process using amylolytic enzymes from thermophiles. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 32(2), 276\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bst0320276 (2004).","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"72598_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30436-y","volume":"13","author":"M Dolati","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dolati, M., Tafvizi, F., Salehipour, M., Movahed, T. K. & Jafari, P. Biogenic copper oxide nanoparticles from Bacillus coagulans induced reactive oxygen species generation and apoptotic and anti metastatic activities in breast cancer cells. Sci. Rep. 13, 3256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-30436-y (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"72598_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1515\/gps-2022-0080","volume":"11","author":"A Fouda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fouda, A. et al. Endophytic bacterial strain, Brevibacillus brevis-mediated green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles, characterization, antifungal, in vitro cytotoxicity and larvicidal activity. Green Proc Synth. 11(1), 931\u2013950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/gps-2022-0080 (2022).","journal-title":"Green Proc Synth."},{"issue":"10","key":"72598_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102002","volume":"14","author":"RS Hamida","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamida, R. S. et al. Green synthesis of hexagonal silver nanoparticles using a novel microalgae Coelastrella aeroterrestrica Strain BA_Chlo4 and resulting anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. Pharm. 14(10), 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102002 (2022).","journal-title":"Pharm."},{"key":"72598_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamida, R.S., Ali, M.A., Alkhateeb, M.A., Alf Assam, H.E., Momenah, M.A. & Bin-Meferij, M.M. Algal-derived synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the unicellular Ulvophyte sp MBIC10591: Optimisation, characterisation, and biological activities. Mol. 28(1), 279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28010279 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010279"},{"key":"72598_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TC02356K","volume":"3","author":"G Jang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jang, G. et al. Size tunable elemental copper nanoparticles: extracellular synthesis by thermo anaerobic bacteria and capping molecules. J Mater Chem C. 3, 644\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C4TC02356K (2015).","journal-title":"J Mater Chem C."},{"key":"72598_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3924081","volume":"2020","author":"HCA Murthy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murthy, H. C. A., Desalegn, T., Kassa, M., Abebe, B. & Assefa, T. Synthesis of green copper nanoparticles using medicinal plant Hagenia abyssinica (Brace) JF gmel leaf extract: Antimicrobial properties. J. Nanomat. 2020, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/3924081 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Nanomat."},{"key":"72598_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1079-4","volume":"87","author":"O Bondarenko","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bondarenko, O. et al. Toxicity of Ag, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles to selected environmentally relevant test organisms and mammalian cells in vitro: a critical review. Arch. Toxicol. 87, 1181\u20131200 (2013).","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"72598_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109023","volume":"320","author":"PL Lam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lam, P. L. et al. The role of reactive oxygen species in the biological activity of antimicrobial agents: An updated mini review. Chem. Biol. Interact. 320, 109023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109023 (2020).","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"issue":"3","key":"72598_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/09731296231177492","volume":"19","author":"HJ Makki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Makki, H. J. & Chandrasekharaiah, K. Synthesis and characterization of citrus limonum copper nanoparticles and its in vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity against JURKAT cells. Pharm. Mag. 19(3), 499\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09731296231177492 (2023).","journal-title":"Pharm. Mag."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-72598-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-72598-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-72598-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T23:09:52Z","timestamp":1757113792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-72598-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["72598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-72598-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article has been updated to amend the license information.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"23615"}}