{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:40:22Z","timestamp":1793313622856,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Globally, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has been increasing recently. This is a major public health concern, as MDR-TB is more difficult to treat and has poorer outcomes compared to drug-sensitive tuberculosis. The main objective of the study was to identify risk factors for recurrent multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, at Alert Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, by using different parametric shared frailty models. From January 2016 to December 2021, a retrospective study was conducted on MDR-TB patients at Alert Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa. The data for the study were collected from the medical records of MDR-TB patients at the hospital during this time period. Gamma and inverse-Gaussian shared frailty models were used to analyze the dataset, with the exponential, Weibull, and lognormal distributions included as baseline hazard functions. The data were analyzed using R statistical software. The median recurrence time of the patients was 12 months, and 149 (34.3%) had recurrences. The clustering effect was statistically significant for multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis patients\u2019 recurrence. According to the Weibull-Inverse-Gaussian model, factors that reduced time to MDR-TB recurrence included lower weight (\u0278 = 0.944), smoking (\u0278 = 0.045), alcohol use (\u0278 = 0.631), hemoptysis (\u0278 = 0.041), pneumonia (\u0278 = 0.564), previous anti-TB treatment (\u0278 = 0.106), rural residence (\u0278 = 0.163), and chronic diseases like diabetes (\u0278 = 0.442) were associated with faster recurrence. While, higher education (\u0278 = 3.525) and age (\u0278 = 1.021) extended time to recurrence. For weight increment, smokers and alcohol users, clinical complications of hemoptysis and pneumonia, patients with pulmonary disease who had a history of previous anti-TB treatment, and being rural residents are prognostic factors. There was a significant clustering effect at the Alert Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The Weibull-Inverse Gaussian Shared Frailty Model was chosen as the best model for predicting the time to recurrence of MDR-TB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73209-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T21:01:48Z","timestamp":1728853308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Identifying risk factors for recurrent multidrug resistant tuberculosis based on patient\u2019s record data from 2016 to 2021: retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4937-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teramaj Wongel","family":"Wotale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3207-1829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mesfin Esayas","family":"Lelisho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bikiltu Wakuma","family":"Negasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seid Ali","family":"Tareke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woldemariam Erkalo","family":"Gobena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebsa Gelan","family":"Amesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"73209_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.0c00878","volume":"54","author":"V Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh, V. & Chibale, K. Strategies to combat multi-drug resistance in tuberculosis. Acc. Chem. Res.54, 2361\u20132376 (2021).","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"73209_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2019\/506","volume":"8","author":"A Das Shukla","year":"2019","unstructured":"Das Shukla, A. & Chaudhary, A. Improper anti-TB treatment-almost certain recipe for MDR-TB. J. Evol. Med. Dent. Sci.8, 2307\u20132311 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Evol. Med. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"73209_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.087","volume":"98","author":"A Alemu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alemu, A., Bitew, Z. W. & Worku, T. Poor treatment outcome and its predictors among drug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Infect. Dis.98, 420\u2013439 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"73209_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2810-1","volume":"17","author":"ML Bastos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bastos, M. L. et al. Treatment outcomes of MDR-tuberculosis patients in Brazil: a retrospective cohort analysis. BMC Infect. Dis.17, 1\u201312 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"73209_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.01.040","volume":"80","author":"S Tiberi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tiberi, S., Pontali, E., Tadolini, M., D\u2019Ambrosio, L. & Migliori, G. B. Challenging MDR-TB clinical problems\u2014the case for a new Global TB Consilium supporting the compassionate use of new anti-TB drugs. Int. J. Infect. Dis.80, S68\u2013S72 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"73209_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00504-2","volume":"10","author":"K Dheda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dheda, K. et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim.10, 22 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"73209_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171800","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171800","volume":"12","author":"KA Alene","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alene, K. A., Viney, K., McBryde, E. S. & Clements, A. C. A. Spatial patterns of multidrug resistant tuberculosis and relationships to socio-economic, demographic and household factors in northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One. 12, e0171800 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"73209_CR8","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidance for the Surveillance of Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis (World Health Organization, 2020)."},{"key":"73209_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.19.0809","volume":"24","author":"M Mu\u00f1oz-Torrico","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Torrico, M. et al. Functional impact of sequelae in drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis.24, 700\u2013705 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"73209_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1603274","volume":"375","author":"G Guenther","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guenther, G. et al. Treatment outcomes in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl. J. Med.375, 1103\u20131105 (2016).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"73209_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0312","volume":"22","author":"T Adepoyibi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adepoyibi, T., Lilis, L., Greb, H. & Boyle, D. Which attributes within target product profiles for tuberculosis diagnostics are the most important to focus on? Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis.22, 425\u2013428 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"73209_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"KA Alene","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alene, K. A. et al. Treatment outcomes of patients with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis in Hunan Province, China, BMC infect. Dis. 17, 1\u201311 (2017).","journal-title":"Dis"},{"key":"73209_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0215647","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215647","volume":"14","author":"D Mekonnen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mekonnen, D. et al. Epidemiology of tuberculous lymphadenitis in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 14, e0215647 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"73209_CR14","first-page":"7","volume":"15","author":"B Annabel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Annabel, B., Anna, D. & Hannah, M. Global tuberculosis report 2019. Geneva World Health Organ.15, 7\u20139 (2019).","journal-title":"Geneva World Health Organ."},{"key":"73209_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-016-0118-9","volume":"15","author":"A Misganaw","year":"2017","unstructured":"Misganaw, A. et al. National mortality burden due to communicable, non-communicable, and other diseases in Ethiopia, 1990\u20132015: findings from the global burden of Disease Study 2015. Popul. Health Metr.15, 1\u201317 (2017).","journal-title":"Popul. Health Metr."},{"key":"73209_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-023-09502-2","volume":"24","author":"A Shibabaw","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shibabaw, A. et al. Molecular epidemiology and transmission dynamics of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis strains using whole genome sequencing in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. BMC Genom. 24, 400 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Genom"},{"key":"73209_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehari, K. et al. Prevalence and factors associated with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among presumptive MDR-TB patients in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol. (2019).","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2923549"},{"key":"73209_CR18","unstructured":"Kassahun, A. Performance Evaluation of Laboratory Professionals on Malaria Microscopy at Health Institutions in Bahir Dar City Administration (Northwest Ethiopia, 2017)."},{"key":"73209_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00513","DOI":"10.34172\/jrhs.2021.50","volume":"21","author":"TW Wotale","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wotale, T. W., Terefe, A. N. & Fufa, J. A. Modeling time to death of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis at Saint Peter\u2019s Specialized Hospital. J. Res. Health Sci.21, e00513 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Res. Health Sci."},{"key":"73209_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fongang, H., Mbaveng, A. T. & Kuete, V. Global burden of bacterial infections and drug resistance. In Adv. Bot. Res. 1\u201320Elsevier, (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.abr.2022.08.001"},{"key":"73209_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2014.07.018","volume":"118","author":"I Weinhold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weinhold, I. & Gurtner, S. Understanding shortages of sufficient health care in rural areas. Health Policy (New York). 118, 201\u2013214 (2014).","journal-title":"Health Policy (New York)"},{"key":"73209_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08967-0","volume":"20","author":"DG Datiko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Datiko, D. G., Jerene, D. & Suarez, P. Patient and health system delay among TB patients in Ethiopia: Nationwide mixed method cross-sectional study. BMC Public. Health. 20, 1126 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"73209_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0268290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268290","volume":"17","author":"HM Youn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Youn, H. M. et al. Risk factors associated with tuberculosis recurrence in South Korea determined using a nationwide cohort study. PLoS One. 17, e0268290 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"73209_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2020.09.016","volume":"68","author":"M Najafizada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Najafizada, M., Rahman, A., Taufique, Q. & Sarkar, A. Social determinants of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a scoping review and research gaps. Indian J. Tuberc. 68, 99\u2013105 (2021).","journal-title":"Indian J. Tuberc"},{"key":"73209_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2020.100211","volume":"22","author":"A Wondmieneh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wondmieneh, A., Gedefaw, G., Getie, A. & Demis, A. Prevalence of undernutrition among adult tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Tuberc Other Mycobact. Dis.22, 100211 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Tuberc Other Mycobact. Dis."},{"key":"73209_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verstraeten, R. et al. Epidemiology: the current burden of tuberculosis and its determinants, Chall. Tuberc. 21st Century (ERS Monogr. Sheff. Eur. Respir Soc. 18\u201333. (2023).","DOI":"10.1183\/2312508X.10023922"},{"key":"73209_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13318","volume":"23","author":"K Anderson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anderson, K. et al. High mortality among patients hospitalized for drug-resistant tuberculosis with acquired second\u2010line drug resistance and high HIV prevalence. HIV Med.23, 1085\u20131097 (2022).","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"73209_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60942-2","volume":"10","author":"LV White","year":"2020","unstructured":"White, L. V. et al. Patterns and predictors of co-morbidities in tuberculosis: a cross-sectional study in the Philippines. Sci. Rep.10, 4100 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"73209_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.042","volume":"92","author":"GB Migliori","year":"2020","unstructured":"Migliori, G. B. et al. MDR\/XDR-TB management of patients and contacts: challenges facing the new decade. The 2020 clinical update by the Global Tuberculosis Network. Int. J. Infect. Dis.92, S15\u2013S25 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"73209_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12780","volume":"284","author":"C Lange","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lange, C. et al. Perspectives for personalized therapy for patients with multidrug\u2010resistant tuberculosis. J. Intern. Med.284, 163\u2013188 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"73209_CR31","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2021: Supplementary Material (World Health Organization, 2022)."},{"key":"73209_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X. & Kattan, M. W. Cohort studies: design, analysis, and reporting, Chest. 158 S72\u2013S78. (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.014"},{"key":"73209_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5202","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065202","volume":"24","author":"SSR Alsayed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alsayed, S. S. R. & Gunosewoyo, H. Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, current treatment regimens and new drug targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci.24, 5202 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"73209_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0287512","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287512","volume":"18","author":"S Kwon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kwon, S. et al. Trends in the incidence and prevalence of dysphagia requiring medical attention among adults in South Korea, 2006\u20132016: a nationwide population study. PLoS One. 18, e0287512 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"73209_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinbaum, D. G., Klein, M., Kleinbaum, D. G. & Klein, M. Recurrent event survival analysis, Surviv. Anal. A Self-Learning text. 363\u2013423. (2012).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6646-9_8"},{"key":"73209_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinbaum, D. G. & Klein, M. Survival Analysis a Self-learning Text (Springer, 1996).","DOI":"10.2307\/2532873"},{"key":"73209_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923025","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/923025","volume":"2015","author":"GM Akessa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akessa, G. M., Tadesse, M. & Abebe, G. Survival analysis of loss to follow-up treatment among tuberculosis patients at Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia. Int. J. Stat. Mech.2015, 923025 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Stat. Mech."},{"key":"73209_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4352","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2836","volume":"26","author":"C Cox","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cox, C., Chu, H., Schneider, M. F. & Munoz, A. Parametric survival analysis and taxonomy of hazard functions for the generalized gamma distribution. Stat. Med.26, 4352\u20134374 (2007).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"73209_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-021-00775-y","volume":"54","author":"M Esayas Lelisho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Esayas Lelisho, M. et al. Application of parametric shared frailty models to analyze time-to-death of gastric cancer patients. J. Gastrointest. Cancer. 54, 104\u2013116 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Cancer"},{"key":"73209_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-022-01348-w","volume":"10","author":"ME Lelisho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lelisho, M. E. et al. Modeling survival time to death among TB and HIV co-infected adult patients: an institution-based retrospective cohort study. J. Racial Ethn. Heal Disparities. 10, 1616\u20131628 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Racial Ethn. Heal Disparities"},{"key":"73209_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-018-0002-6","volume":"1","author":"G Cimini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cimini, G. et al. The statistical physics of real-world networks. Nat. Rev. Phys.1, 58\u201371 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"73209_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s11009-014-9430-7","volume":"18","author":"S Asmussen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Asmussen, S., Jensen, J. L. & Rojas-Nandayapa, L. On the Laplace transform of the lognormal distribution. Methodol. Comput. Appl. Probab.18, 441\u2013458 (2016).","journal-title":"Methodol. Comput. Appl. Probab."},{"key":"73209_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10680-015-9361-1","volume":"32","author":"V Zarulli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zarulli, V. Unobserved heterogeneity of frailty in the analysis of socioeconomic differences in health and mortality. Eur. J. Popul.32, 55\u201372 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Popul."},{"key":"73209_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-021-00684-0","volume":"53","author":"ME Lelisho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lelisho, M. E., Seid, A. A. & Pandey, D. A case study on modeling the time to recurrence of gastric cancer patients. J. Gastrointest. Cancer. 53, 218\u2013228 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Cancer"},{"key":"73209_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hougaard, P. & Hougaard, P. Analysis of Multivariate Survival data (Springer, 2000).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1304-8"},{"key":"73209_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6500-3","volume":"19","author":"YA Limenih","year":"2019","unstructured":"Limenih, Y. A. & Workie, D. L. Survival analysis of time to cure on multi-drug resistance tuberculosis patients in Amhara region, Ethiopia. BMC Public. Health. 19, 1\u201311 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"73209_CR47","unstructured":"Lan, Z. Drug-induced Adverse Events in the Treatment of multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis and Quantification of between-study Heterogeneity: An Individual Participant data meta-analysis of Observational Studies (McGill University (Canada), 2019)."},{"key":"73209_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0168865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168865","volume":"12","author":"Y Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Harley, D., Vally, H. & Sleigh, A. Impact of multidrug resistance on Tuberculosis recurrence and long-term outcome in China. PLoS One. 12, e0168865 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"73209_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.14.0415","volume":"19","author":"IY Gelmanova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gelmanova, I. Y. et al. Low rates of recurrence after successful treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Tomsk, Russia. Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis.19, 399\u2013405 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"73209_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0170980","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170980","volume":"12","author":"MY Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, M. Y., Lo, Y. C., Chen, W. C., Wang, K. F. & Chan, P. C. Recurrence after successful treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Taiwan. PLoS One. 12, e0170980 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"73209_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241684","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241684","volume":"15","author":"AB Bade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bade, A. B. & Mega, T. A. Survival status and its predictors among multi-drug resistance tuberculosis treated patients in Ethiopia: multicenter observational study. PLoS One. 15, e0241684 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"73209_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2016.08.017","volume":"5","author":"RT Sadikot","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sadikot, R. T. Identifying patients at high risk of Tuberculosis recurrence. Int. J. Mycobacteriol. 5, S66 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"73209_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imtiaz, S. et al. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for tuberculosis: meta-analyses and burden of disease. Eur. Respir J. 50 (2017).","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00216-2017"},{"key":"73209_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.15.0442","volume":"20","author":"L Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, L. et al. Factors associated with recurrent tuberculosis more than 12 months after treatment completion. Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis.20, 49\u201356 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"73209_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_164_17","volume":"7","author":"M Mirsaeidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mirsaeidi, M. & Sadikot, R. T. Patients at high risk of Tuberculosis recurrence. Int. J. Mycobacteriology. 7, 1\u20136 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mycobacteriology"},{"key":"73209_CR56","first-page":"781","volume":"28","author":"D Ahmad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ahmad, D., Khan, M. M., Aslam, F. & Abbas, S. Association of smoking with recurrence of pulmonary Kochs; after completion of antituberculous treatment. J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad. 28, 781\u2013787 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad"},{"key":"73209_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00114214","volume":"45","author":"CC Leung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leung, C. C. et al. Smoking adversely affects treatment response, outcome and relapse in tuberculosis. Eur. Respir J.45, 738\u2013745 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir J."},{"key":"73209_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.168113","volume":"32","author":"M Moosazadeh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moosazadeh, M., Bahrampour, A., Nasehi, M. & Khanjani, N. The incidence of recurrence of tuberculosis and its related factors in smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Iran: a retrospective cohort study. Lung India. 32, 557\u2013560 (2015).","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"73209_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801812010333","volume":"12","author":"A Abera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abera, A. & Ameya, G. Pulmonary tuberculosis and associated factors among diabetic patients attending hawassa adare hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Open. Microbiol. J.12, 333 (2018).","journal-title":"Open. Microbiol. J."},{"key":"73209_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0231","volume":"20","author":"GR Davies","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davies, G. R. & Wallis, R. S. Methods for selecting regimen duration to prevent relapse in drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB. Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis.20, S13\u2013S17 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"73209_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2017.01.007","volume":"103","author":"X Shen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shen, X. et al. Recurrent tuberculosis in an urban area in China: relapse or exogenous reinfection? Tuberculosis. 103, 97\u2013104 (2017).","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"73209_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0176473","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176473","volume":"12","author":"J Gadoev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gadoev, J. et al. Recurrent tuberculosis and associated factors: a five-year countrywide study in Uzbekistan. PLoS One. 12, e0176473 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"73209_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193396","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193396","volume":"13","author":"MH Dangisso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dangisso, M. H., Woldesemayat, E. M., Datiko, D. G. & Lindtj\u00f8rn, B. Long-term outcome of smear-positive tuberculosis patients after initiation and completion of treatment: a ten-year retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 13, e0193396 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"73209_CR64","first-page":"182","volume":"7","author":"Q Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, Q. et al. Recurrence is a noticeable cause of rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the elderly population in Jiangxi, China, Front. Public. Heal. 7, 182 (2019).","journal-title":"Public. Heal"},{"key":"73209_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-348","volume":"9","author":"DG Datiko","year":"2009","unstructured":"Datiko, D. G. & Lindtj\u00f8rn, B. Tuberculosis recurrence in smear-positive patients cured under DOTS in southern Ethiopia: retrospective cohort study. BMC Public. Health. 9, 1\u20135 (2009).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"73209_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-37562016000000002","volume":"43","author":"AA Vieira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vieira, A. A., Leite, D. T. & Adreoni, S. Tuberculosis recurrence in a priority city in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. J. Bras. Pneumol. 43, 106\u2013112 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Bras. Pneumol"},{"key":"73209_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0590","volume":"22","author":"A Rosser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rosser, A., Marx, F. M. & Pareek, M. Recurrent tuberculosis in the pre-elimination era. Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis.22, 139\u2013150 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"73209_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, S. H. et al. Recurrent tuberculosis disease in Singapore. In Open Forum Infect. Dis. ofab340Oxford University Press US, (2021).","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab340"},{"key":"73209_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0766","volume":"22","author":"YF van der Heijden","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Heijden, Y. F. et al. Older age at first tuberculosis diagnosis is associated with tuberculosis recurrence in HIV-negative persons. Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis.22, 871\u2013877 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"73209_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.06.013","volume":"74","author":"JRBM Bestrashniy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bestrashniy, J. R. B. M. et al. Recurrence of tuberculosis among patients following treatment completion in eight provinces of Vietnam: a nested case-control study. Int. J. Infect. Dis.74, 31\u201337 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"73209_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05706-z","volume":"21","author":"ZZ Sultana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sultana, Z. Z. et al. HIV infection and multidrug resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis.21, 1\u201313 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-73209-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-73209-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-73209-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:09:17Z","timestamp":1729123757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-73209-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["73209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-73209-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Mattu University\u2019s College of Natural and Computational Sciences Research and Ethics Review Board granted ethical permission and human subject research approval for this study, with ethics approval number NCS\/RERB\/1192\/2020. This research was carried out per the Helsinki Declaration.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The Research Review Board of Mattu University waived the requirement for written informed consent of study participants, but data were kept anonymous and confidential.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"23912"}}