{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T02:52:31Z","timestamp":1786935151451,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015362","name":"Amicus Therapeutics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA761A1123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA761A1123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015362","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73537-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T18:01:56Z","timestamp":1727978516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigation of serum neurofilament light chain as a biomarker in Fabry disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3709-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Ponleitner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1029-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantin","family":"Gatterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0825-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Bsteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6581-4572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2983-3693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Altmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5626-1144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4443-8667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senta","family":"Graf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9253-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gere","family":"Sunder-Plassmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5209-6647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulus Stefan","family":"Rommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"73537_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-5-30","volume":"5","author":"DP Germain","year":"2010","unstructured":"Germain, D. P. Fabry disease. Orphanet J. Rare Dis. 5, 30 (2010).","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"73537_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-005-0656-2","volume":"83","author":"R Dobrovolny","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dobrovolny, R. et al. Relationship between X-inactivation and clinical involvement in Fabry heterozygotes. Eleven novel mutations in the alpha-galactosidase A gene in the Czech and Slovak population. J. Mol. Med. (Berl). 83, 647\u2013654 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med. (Berl)"},{"key":"73537_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2029","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.2029","volume":"10","author":"L Wagenh\u00e4user","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wagenh\u00e4user, L. et al. X-chromosomal inactivation patterns in women with Fabry disease. Mol. Genet. Genomic Med. 10, e2029 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genomic Med."},{"key":"73537_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.3.249","volume":"281","author":"PJ Meikle","year":"1999","unstructured":"Meikle, P. J., Hopwood, J. J., Clague, A. E. & Carey, W. F. Prevalence of lysosomal storage disorders. JAMA. 281, 249\u2013254 (1999).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"73537_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11070951","volume":"11","author":"V Gragnaniello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gragnaniello, V. et al. Newborn screening for Fabry disease in northeastern Italy: Results of five years of experience. Biomolecules. 11, 951 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"73537_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.14102","volume":"101","author":"DP Germain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Germain, D. P. et al. Challenging the traditional approach for interpreting genetic variants: Lessons from Fabry disease. Clin. Genet. 101, 390\u2013402 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"73537_CR7","volume-title":"Fabry Disease: Perspectives from 5 Years of FOS","author":"R Schiffmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schiffmann, R. & Moore, D. F. Neurological manifestations of Fabry disease. in Fabry Disease: Perspectives from 5 Years of FOS (eds Mehta, A., Beck, M. & Sunder-Plassmann, G.) (Oxford PharmaGenesis, 2006)."},{"key":"73537_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa282","volume":"143","author":"L Ulivi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ulivi, L. et al. White matter integrity correlates with cognition and disease severity in Fabry disease. Brain. 143, 3331\u20133342 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"73537_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001450","volume":"84","author":"M L\u00f6hle","year":"2015","unstructured":"L\u00f6hle, M. et al. Clinical prodromes of neurodegeneration in Anderson-Fabry disease. Neurology. 84, 1454\u20131464 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"73537_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-013-9643-x","volume":"37","author":"FE Bolsover","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bolsover, F. E., Murphy, E., Cipolotti, L., Werring, D. J. & Lachmann, R. H. Cognitive dysfunction and depression in Fabry disease: A systematic review. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 37, 177\u2013187 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"73537_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S207856","volume":"13","author":"U Ramaswami","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ramaswami, U. et al. Cardio- renal outcomes with long- term agalsidase alfa enzyme replacement therapy: A 10-year Fabry outcome survey (FOS) analysis. Drug Des. Dev. Ther. 13, 3705\u20133715 (2019).","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"73537_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgmr.2019.100454","volume":"19","author":"DP Germain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Germain, D. P. et al. The effect of enzyme replacement therapy on clinical outcomes in male patients with Fabry disease: A systematic literature review by a European panel of experts. Mol. Genet. Metab. Rep. 19, 100454 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab. Rep."},{"key":"73537_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2018.09.007","volume":"126","author":"DP Germain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Germain, D. P. et al. The effect of enzyme replacement therapy on clinical outcomes in female patients with Fabry disease - A systematic literature review by a European panel of experts. Mol. Genet. Metab. 126, 224\u2013235 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"73537_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2020.07.007","volume":"131","author":"U Feldt-Rasmussen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feldt-Rasmussen, U. et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of migalastat treatment in Fabry disease: 30-month results from the open-label extension of the randomized, phase 3 ATTRACT study. Mol. Genet. Metab. 131, 219\u2013228 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"73537_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgmr.2021.100786","volume":"28","author":"DG Bichet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bichet, D. G. et al. Long-term follow-up of renal function in patients treated with migalastat for Fabry disease. Mol. Genet. Metab. Rep. 28, 100786 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab. Rep."},{"key":"73537_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.10.3472","volume":"84","author":"PN Hoffman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hoffman, P. N. et al. Neurofilament gene expression: A major determinant of axonal caliber. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 84, 3472\u20133476 (1987).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"73537_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.06-03-00650.1986","volume":"6","author":"J Trojanowski","year":"1986","unstructured":"Trojanowski, J., Walkenstein, N. & Lee, V. Expression of neurofilament subunits in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system: an immunohistochemical study with monoclonal antibodies. J. Neurosci. 6, 650\u2013660 (1986).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"73537_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0058-z","volume":"14","author":"M Khalil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khalil, M. et al. Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 14, 577\u2013589 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"73537_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcac174","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac174","volume":"4","author":"J Simr\u00e9n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Simr\u00e9n, J. et al. Establishment of reference values for plasma neurofilament light based on healthy individuals aged 5\u201390 years. Brain Commun. 4, fcac174 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"73537_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14612-6","volume":"11","author":"M Khalil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khalil, M. et al. Serum neurofilament light levels in normal aging and their association with morphologic brain changes. Nat. Commun. 11, 812 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"73537_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00009-6","volume":"21","author":"P Benkert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benkert, P. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain for individual prognostication of disease activity in people with multiple sclerosis: A retrospective modelling and validation study. Lancet Neurol. 21, 246\u2013257 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"73537_CR22","unstructured":"\u00dc\u00e7eyler, N. et al. Diagnose und Therapie des Morbus Fabry, S1-Leitlinie. (2022)."},{"key":"73537_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.5582\/irdr.2021.01115","volume":"10","author":"T Ho\u0142ub","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ho\u0142ub, T., K\u0119dzierska, K., Muras-Szwedziak, K. & Nowicki, M. Serum neurofilament light chain is not a useful biomarker of central nervous system involvement in women with Fabry disease. Intractable Rare Dis. Res. 10, 276\u2013282 (2021).","journal-title":"Intractable Rare Dis. Res."},{"key":"73537_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061537","volume":"10","author":"M Pekny","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pekny, M. et al. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) in blood - A biomarker predicting unfavourable outcome in the acute phase and improvement in the late phase after stroke. Cells. 10, 1537 (2021).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"73537_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002840","volume":"164","author":"C Mortensen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mortensen, C. et al. Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker of axonal damage in sensory neurons and paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in patients with ovarian cancer. Pain. 164, 1502\u20131511 (2023).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"73537_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110988","volume":"205","author":"LL M\u00e4\u00e4tt\u00e4","year":"2023","unstructured":"M\u00e4\u00e4tt\u00e4, L. L. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain - A potential biomarker for polyneuropathy in type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 205, 110988 (2023).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"73537_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baka, P. et al. Studying serum neurofilament light chain levels as a potential new biomarker for small fiber neuropathy. Eur. J. Neurol. e16192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.16192 (2024).","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16192"},{"key":"73537_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.04.011","volume":"45","author":"MF Liao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liao, M. F. et al. The correlation of small fiber neuropathy with pain intensity and age in patients with Fabry\u2019s disease: A cross sectional study within a large Taiwanese family. Biomed. J. 45, 406\u2013413 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"73537_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002152","volume":"162","author":"AJ Burand","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burand, A. J. & Stucky, C. L. Fabry disease pain: Patient and preclinical parallels. Pain. 162, 1305\u20131321 (2021).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"73537_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26446","volume":"92","author":"KC Fitzgerald","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fitzgerald, K. C. et al. Contributors to serum NfL levels in people without neurologic disease. Ann. Neurol. 92, 688\u2013698 (2022).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"73537_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76990-7","volume":"10","author":"S Akamine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akamine, S. et al. Renal function is associated with blood neurofilament light chain level in older adults. Sci. Rep. 10, 20350 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"73537_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01375-1","volume":"28","author":"P K\u00f6rtvelyessy","year":"2023","unstructured":"K\u00f6rtvelyessy, P. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain in COVID-19 and the influence of renal function. Eur. J. Med. Res. 28, 389 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"73537_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcad120","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad120","volume":"5","author":"MPE van Engelen","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Engelen, M. P. E. et al. Urine as matrix for analysis of neurofilament light chain is not suitable to distinguish frontotemporal dementia from psychiatric diseases. Brain Commun. 5, fcad120 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"73537_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657794","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.657794","volume":"13","author":"YC Hou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hou, Y. C. et al. The role of plasma neurofilament light protein for assessing cognitive impairment in patients with end-stage renal disease. Front. Aging Neurosci. 13, 657794 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"73537_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22438","volume":"69","author":"MJA Koel-Simmelink","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koel-Simmelink, M. J. A., Teunissen, C. E., Behradkia, P., Blankenstein, M. A. & Petzold, A. The neurofilament light chain is not stable in vitro. Ann. Neurol. 69, 1065\u20131066 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"73537_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12226","volume":"11","author":"C Casari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Casari, C., Lenting, P. J., Wohner, N., Christophe, O. D. & Denis, C. V. Clearance of Von Willebrand factor. J. Thromb. Haemost. 11 (Suppl 1), 202\u2013211 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost"},{"key":"73537_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg-2022-108669","volume":"60","author":"DA Hughes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hughes, D. A. et al. Long-term multisystemic efficacy of migalastat on Fabry-associated clinical events, including renal, cardiac and cerebrovascular outcomes. J. Med. Genet. 60, 722\u2013731 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"73537_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-023-02936-7","volume":"18","author":"B Haycroft","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haycroft, B. et al. Targeted literature review exploring the predictive value of estimated glomerular filtration rate and left ventricular mass index as indicators of clinical events in Fabry disease. Orphanet J. Rare Dis. 18, 322 (2023).","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"73537_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102953","volume":"385","author":"LA Inker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Inker, L. A. et al. New creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without race. N Engl. J. Med. 385, 1737\u20131749 (2021).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"73537_CR40","volume-title":"Fabry Disease: Perspectives from 5 Years of FOS","author":"C Whybra","year":"2006","unstructured":"Whybra, C., B\u00e4hner, F. & Baron, K. Measurement of disease severity and progression in Fabry disease. in Fabry Disease: Perspectives from 5 Years of FOS (eds Mehta, A., Beck, M. & Sunder-Plassmann, G.) (Oxford PharmaGenesis, 2006)."},{"key":"73537_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19982","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77098-8","volume":"10","author":"P Altmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Altmann, P. et al. Serum neurofilament light chain withstands delayed freezing and repeated thawing. Sci. Rep. 10, 19982 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"73537_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1641","volume":"28","author":"DM Rissin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rissin, D. M. et al. Single-molecule enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detects serum proteins at subfemtomolar concentrations. Nat. Biotechnol. 28, 595\u2013599 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-73537-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-73537-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-73537-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]],"date-time":"2024-10-06T22:01:46Z","timestamp":1728252106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-73537-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["73537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-73537-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"MP has received speaker or consulting honoraria from Amicus and participated in meetings sponsored by and received travel funding from Amicus, Merck, Novartis and Sanofi-Genzyme.CG has received speaker or consulting honoraria from Amicus therapeutics, Sanofi-Genzyme and Takeda pharmaceuticals and participated in meetings sponsored by and received travel funding from Amicus, Sanofi-Genzyme and Takeda PharmaceuticalsGB has participated in meetings sponsored by, received speaker honoraria or travel funding from Biogen, Celgene\/BMS, Janssen, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme and Teva, and received honoraria for consulting Biogen, Celgene\/BMS, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme and Teva. He has received unrestricted research grants from Celgene\/BMS and Novartis.JR has received consulting fees from Takeda. PA has participated in meetings sponsored by, received speaker honoraria or travel funding from Biogen, Merck, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme and Teva, and received honoraria for consulting from Biogen. He received a research grant from Quanterix International and was awarded a combined sponsorship from Biogen, Merck, Sanofi-Genzyme, Roche, and Teva for a clinical study.TB has participated in meetings sponsored by and received honoraria (lectures, advisory boards, consultations) from pharmaceutical companies marketing treatments for MS: Allergan, Bayer, Biogen, Bionorica, Biologix, BMS\/Celgene, Eisai, Janssen-Cilag, Jazz\/GW, Horizon, MedDay, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Octapharma, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme, UCB, Teva. His institution has received financial support in the past 12 months by unrestricted research grants (Biogen, Bayer, BMS\/Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi Aventis, Teva) and for participation in clinical trials in multiple sclerosis sponsored by Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Octapharma, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva.SG has received speaker or consulting honoraria from Amicus and Sanofi-AventisGSP reports advisory board participation for and honoraria from Amicus Therapeutics, Inc., Chiesi and Sanofi, research grants\/funding from Amicus Therapeutics, Takeda, Idorsia and FreelinePSR has received honoraria for consultancy\/speaking from AbbVie, Almirall, Alexion, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva and has received research grants from Amicus, Biogen, Merck, and Roche.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The ethics committee at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria approved this study (EK1487\/2020). Written informed consent was obtained from each patient, and study-procedures adhered to the guidelines set by the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"23033"}}