{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T01:41:21Z","timestamp":1788054081834,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["185105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["185105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74029-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T10:02:36Z","timestamp":1727949756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Practice improves older adults\u2019 attentional control and prospective memory more than HD-tDCS: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nadine","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Men\u00e9ndez-Granda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronya","family":"M\u00fcnger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adamantini","family":"Hatzipanayioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kliegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Orth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"74029_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.16.4.717","volume":"16","author":"GO Einstein","year":"1990","unstructured":"Einstein, G. O. & McDaniel, M. A. Normal aging and prospective memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 16, 717\u2013726 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"74029_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.30.4.756","volume":"30","author":"RE Smith","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smith, R. E. & Bayen, U. J. A Multinomial Model of Event-based prospective memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 30, 756\u2013777 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"74029_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-022-02059-3","volume":"29","author":"BH Ball","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ball, B. H., Wiemers, E. A. & Brewer, G. A. Individual differences in memory and attention processes in prospective remembering. Psychon Bull. Rev. 29, 922\u2013933 (2022).","journal-title":"Psychon Bull. Rev."},{"key":"74029_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000380","volume":"25","author":"S Zuber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zuber, S. & Kliegel, M. Prospective memory development across the Lifespan: an integrative Framework. Eur. Psychol. 25, 162\u2013173 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Psychol."},{"key":"74029_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000502639","volume":"48","author":"A Ihle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ihle, A. et al. Prospective memory relates to Attentional Control: Differential patterns in Old Age. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 48, 79\u201382 (2019).","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord"},{"key":"74029_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-003-0081-5","volume":"36","author":"M Kliegel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kliegel, M., Ramuschkat, G. & Martin, M. Exekutive Funktionen und prospektive Ged\u00e4chtnisleistung Im Alter. Z. F\u00fcr Gerontol. Geriatr. 36, 35\u201341 (2003).","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"74029_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2013.837860","volume":"21","author":"F Mattli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mattli, F., Schnitzspahn, K. M., Studerus-Germann, A., Brehmer, Y. & Z\u00f6llig, J. Prospective memory across the lifespan: investigating the contribution of retrospective and prospective processes. Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn. 21, 515\u2013543 (2014).","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn."},{"key":"74029_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030579","volume":"49","author":"KM Schnitzspahn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schnitzspahn, K. M., Stahl, C., Zeintl, M., Kaller, C. P. & Kliegel, M. The role of shifting, updating, and inhibition in prospective memory performance in young and older adults. Dev. Psychol. 49, 1544\u20131553 (2013).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"74029_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.02.007","volume":"52","author":"G Cona","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cona, G., Scarpazza, C., Sartori, G., Moscovitch, M. & Bisiacchi, P. S. Neural bases of prospective memory: a meta-analysis and the attention to delayed intention (AtoDI) model. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 52, 21\u201337 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"74029_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.030","volume":"189","author":"NB Fernandez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fernandez, N. B., Hars, M., Trombetti, A. & Vuilleumier, P. Age-related changes in attention control and their relationship with gait performance in older adults with high risk of falls. NeuroImage. 189, 551\u2013559 (2019).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"74029_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.109","volume":"50","author":"A Hampshire","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hampshire, A., Chamberlain, S. R., Monti, M. M., Duncan, J. & Owen, A. M. The role of the right inferior frontal gyrus: inhibition and attentional control. NeuroImage. 50, 1313\u20131319 (2010).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"74029_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.013","volume":"34","author":"A Sebastian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sebastian, A. et al. Differential effects of age on subcomponents of response inhibition. Neurobiol. Aging. 34, 2183\u20132193 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"74029_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-016-9661-z","volume":"11","author":"J Gonneaud","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gonneaud, J. et al. Functional dedifferentiation and reduced task-related deactivations underlie the age-related decline of prospective memory. Brain Imaging Behav. 11, 1873\u20131884 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"74029_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.2001.1501","volume":"49","author":"MP Milham","year":"2002","unstructured":"Milham, M. P. et al. Attentional Control in the aging brain: insights from an fMRI study of the Stroop Task. Brain Cogn. 49, 277\u2013296 (2002).","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"74029_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.075","volume":"125","author":"N Peira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peira, N., Ziaei, M. & Persson, J. Age differences in brain systems supporting transient and sustained processes involved in prospective memory and working memory. NeuroImage. 125, 745\u2013755 (2016).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"74029_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0361073X.2020.1839310","volume":"47","author":"F Scalici","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scalici, F. et al. Does Cue Focality modulate Age-related performance in prospective memory? An fMRI investigation. Exp. Aging Res. 47, 1\u201320 (2021).","journal-title":"Exp. Aging Res."},{"key":"74029_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.087","volume":"50","author":"DC Zhu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhu, D. C., Zacks, R. T. & Slade, J. M. Brain activation during interference resolution in young and older adults: an fMRI study. NeuroImage. 50, 810\u2013817 (2010).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"74029_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.05.008","volume":"28","author":"S Zysset","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zysset, S., Schroeter, M. L. & Neumann, J. Yves Von Cramon, D. Stroop interference, hemodynamic response and aging: an event-related fMRI study. Neurobiol. Aging. 28, 937\u2013946 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"74029_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.05.006","volume":"13","author":"PA Schroeder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schroeder, P. A., Schwippel, T., Wolz, I. & Svaldi, J. Meta-analysis of the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on inhibitory control. Brain Stimulat. 13, 1159\u20131167 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"74029_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.04.015","volume":"9","author":"J Hogeveen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hogeveen, J. et al. Effects of High-Definition and Conventional tDCS on response inhibition. Brain Stimulat. 9, 720\u2013729 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"74029_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.028","volume":"74","author":"LB Roy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roy, L. B., Sparing, R., Fink, G. R. & Hesse, M. D. Modulation of attention functions by anodal tDCS on right PPC. Neuropsychologia. 74, 96\u2013107 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"74029_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y. et al. The neuroanatomical basis for posterior superior parietal lobule control lateralization of visuospatial attention. Front. Neuroanat.\u00a0 10\u00a0(2016).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2016.00032"},{"key":"74029_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.09.014","volume":"109","author":"H Fujiyama","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fujiyama, H., Tan, J., Puri, R. & Hinder, M. R. Influence of tDCS over right inferior frontal gyrus and pre-supplementary motor area on perceptual decision-making and response inhibition: a healthy ageing perspective. Neurobiol. Aging. 109, 11\u201321 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"74029_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00744","volume":"14","author":"Y Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao, Y. et al. The effects of transcranial electrical stimulation on human motor functions: a comprehensive review of functional neuroimaging studies. Front. Neurosci. 14, 744 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"74029_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.119915","volume":"269","author":"S Calzolari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Calzolari, S. &  Jalali, R. Fern\u00e1ndez-Espejo, D. Characterising stationary and dynamic effective connectivity changes in the motor network during and after tDCS. NeuroImage. 269, 119915 (2023).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"74029_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118100","volume":"237","author":"Y Tu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tu, Y. et al. Perturbing fMRI brain dynamics using transcranial direct current stimulation. NeuroImage. 237, 118100 (2021).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"74029_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.12.020","volume":"95","author":"G Cona","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cona, G., Marino, G. & Bisiacchi, P. S. Superior parietal cortex and the attention to delayed intention: an rTMS study. Neuropsychologia. 95, 130\u2013135 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"74029_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.05.007","volume":"49","author":"PS Bisiacchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bisiacchi, P. S., Cona, G., Schiff, S. & Basso, D. Modulation of a fronto-parietal network in event-based prospective memory: an rTMS study. Neuropsychologia. 49, 2225\u20132232 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"74029_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02002","volume":"10","author":"Y Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Liu, P. & Huang, X. The practice effect on Time-based prospective memory: the influences of Ongoing Task Difficulty and Delay. Front. Psychol. 10, 2002 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"74029_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040490501718","volume":"18","author":"S Lemay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lemay, S., B\u00e9dard, M. A., Rouleau, I. & Tremblay, P. L. Practice effect and test-retest reliability of attentional and executive tests in middle-aged to elderly subjects. Clin. Neuropsychol. 18, 284\u2013302 (2004).","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"74029_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-018-1461-6","volume":"25","author":"J Scharfen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scharfen, J., Jansen, K. & Holling, H. Retest effects in working memory capacity tests: a meta-analysis. Psychon Bull. Rev. 25, 2175\u20132199 (2018).","journal-title":"Psychon Bull. Rev."},{"key":"74029_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19957","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75297-x","volume":"10","author":"CF Tagliabue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tagliabue, C. F., Assecondi, S., Cristoforetti, G. & Mazza, V. Learning by task repetition enhances object individuation and memorization in the elderly. Sci. Rep. 10, 19957 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"74029_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7586","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e7586","volume":"346","author":"AW Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan, A. W. et al. SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials. BMJ. 346, e7586\u2013e7586 (2013).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"74029_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c332","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c332","volume":"340","author":"KF Schulz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G. & Moher, D. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ. 340, c332 (2010).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"74029_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schmidt, N. et al. Modulating prospective memory and attentional control with high-definition transcranial current stimulation: study protocol of a randomized, double-blind, and sham-controlled trial in healthy older adults. PLOS ONE. 18, e0289532.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0289532 (2023).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289532"},{"key":"74029_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine, Z. S. et al. The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 53, 695\u2013699 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"74029_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1026\/\/0084-5345.28.1.18","volume":"28","author":"S Gauggel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gauggel, S. & Birkner, B. Validit\u00e4t Und Reliabilit\u00e4t Einer Deutschen Version Der Geriatrischen Depressionsskala (GDS). Z. F\u00fcr Klin. Psychol. Psychother. 28, 18\u201327 (1999).","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Klin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"74029_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710001690","volume":"14","author":"AR Brunoni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brunoni, A. R. et al. A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 14, 1133\u20131145 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"74029_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.04.022","volume":"11","author":"J Reckow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reckow, J. et al. Tolerability and blinding of 4x1 high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) at two and three milliamps. Brain Stimulat. 11, 991\u2013997 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"74029_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.12.003","volume":"117","author":"PC Gandiga","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gandiga, P. C., Hummel, F. C. & Cohen, L. G. Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): a tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation. Clin. Neurophysiol. 117, 845\u2013850 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"74029_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.04.003","volume":"13","author":"BM Hampstead","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hampstead, B. M., Ehmann, M. & Rahman-Filipiak, A. Reliable use of silver chloride HD-tDCS electrodes. Brain Stimulat. 13, 1005\u20131007 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"74029_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.12.027","volume":"13","author":"BP Langenbach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Langenbach, B. P., Savic, B., Baumgartner, T. & Knoch, D. Repeated anodal HD-tDCS stimulation might render silver chloride electrodes unreliable. Brain Stimulat. 13, 525\u2013526 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"74029_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40250-5_39","volume-title":"Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Methods, Techniques, and Best Practices","author":"P B\u00e6kgaard","year":"2016","unstructured":"B\u00e6kgaard, P., Petersen, M. K. & Larsen, J. E. Assessing levels of attention using low cost Eye Tracking. in Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Methods, Techniques, and Best Practices (eds Antona, M. & Stephanidis, C.) vol. 9737 409\u2013420 (Springer International Publishing, Cham, (2016)."},{"key":"74029_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1162\/089892902317361886","volume":"14","author":"J Fan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T. & Raz, A. Posner, M. I. Testing the Efficiency and Independence of Attentional Networks. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14, 340\u2013347 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"74029_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.11.008","volume":"93","author":"A Hering","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hering, A. et al. The role of cue detection for prospective memory development across the lifespan. Neuropsychologia. 93, 289\u2013300 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"74029_CR46","unstructured":"Zimmermann, P. & Fimm, B. Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitspr\u00fcfung (TAP). Psytest (2008)."},{"key":"74029_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2010.529463","volume":"25","author":"KA Radford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Radford, K. A., Lah, S., Say, M. J. & Miller, L. A. Validation of a New measure of prospective memory: the Royal Prince Alfred prospective memory test. Clin. Neuropsychol. 25, 127\u2013140 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"74029_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01029","volume":"9","author":"CA Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, C. A. et al. Arousal effects on Pupil size, Heart Rate, and skin conductance in an emotional Face Task. Front. Neurol. 9, 1029 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"74029_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-005-0314-x","volume":"38","author":"C Albani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Albani, C. et al. Die emotionale Befindlichkeit \u00e4lterer Menschen\u2014: Normierung Des Profile of Mood States f\u00fcr \u00fcber 60-J\u00e4hrige. Z. F\u00fcr Gerontol. Geriatr. 38, 431\u2013440 (2005).","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"74029_CR50","unstructured":"McNair, D., Lorr, M. & Doppleman, L. POMS Manual for the Profile of Mood States. (1971)."},{"key":"74029_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6102\/zis242","author":"B Breyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Breyer, B. & Bluemke, M. Deutsche Version Der Positive and negative affect schedule PANAS (GESIS Panel). Zusammenstellung Sozialwissenschaftlicher Items Skalen ZIS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6102\/zis242 (2016).","journal-title":"Zusammenstellung Sozialwissenschaftlicher Items Skalen ZIS"},{"key":"74029_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897241","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.897241","volume":"13","author":"K Byun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Byun, K. et al. Investigating how auditory and visual Stimuli promote recovery after stress with potential applications for workplace stress and burnout: protocol for a Randomized Trial. Front. Psychol. 13, 897241 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"74029_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2014.07.024","volume":"168","author":"B O\u2019Hartaigh","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Hartaigh, B. et al. Physical activity and resting pulse rate in older adults: findings from a randomized controlled trial. Am. Heart J. 168, 597\u2013604 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"74029_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M. Generalized estimating equations in longitudinal data analysis: a review and recent developments. Adv. Stat. 1\u201311 (2014).","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/303728"},{"key":"74029_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-019-01246-w","volume":"52","author":"P Mair","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mair, P. & Wilcox, R. Robust statistical methods in R using the WRS2 package. Behav. Res. Methods. 52, 464\u2013488 (2020).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"74029_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halekoh, U., H\u00f8jsgaard, S. & Yan, J. The R Package geepack for generalized estimating equations. J. Stat. Softw.\u00a0 15\u00a0(2006).","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v015.i02"},{"key":"74029_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31238","DOI":"10.3402\/snp.v6.31238","volume":"6","author":"G Blondelle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Blondelle, G. et al. Regularity effect in prospective memory during aging. Socioaffective Neurosci. Psychol. 6, 31238 (2016).","journal-title":"Socioaffective Neurosci. Psychol."},{"key":"74029_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2023.2191901","volume":"31","author":"G Laera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Laera, G., Borghese, F., Hering, A., Kliegel, M. & Mioni, G. Aging and time-based prospective memory in the laboratory: a meta-analysis on age-related differences and possible explanatory factors. Memory. 31, 747\u2013766 (2023).","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"74029_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01946-1","volume":"224","author":"J Peter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peter, J. et al. Reducing negative affect with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation increases memory performance in young-but not in elderly-individuals. Brain Struct. Funct. 224, 2973\u20132982 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"74029_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00542","volume":"11","author":"A Habich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Habich, A. et al. Anodal tDCS enhances verbal episodic memory in initially low performers. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 11, 542 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"74029_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Orth, M. et al. The left prefrontal cortex determines relevance at encoding and governs episodic memory formation. Cereb. Cortex. bhac088.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhac088 (2022).","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac088"},{"key":"74029_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habich, A., Slotboom, J., Peter, J., Wiest, R. & Kl\u00f6ppel, S. No effect of anodal tDCS on verbal episodic memory performance and neurotransmitter levels in young and elderly participants. Neural. Plast. 8896791 (2020).","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8896791"},{"key":"74029_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2011.651091","volume":"65","author":"JD Henry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Henry, J. D., Rendell, P. G., Phillips, L. H., Dunlop, L. & Kliegel, M. Prospective memory reminders: a laboratory investigation of initiation source and age effects. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 2006. 65, 1274\u20131287 (2012).","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 2006"},{"key":"74029_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000704","volume":"35","author":"WE Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones, W. E., Benge, J. F. & Scullin, M. K. Preserving prospective memory in daily life: a systematic review and meta-analysis of mnemonic strategy, cognitive training, external memory aid, and combination interventions. Neuropsychology. 35, 123\u2013140 (2021).","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"74029_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2017.07.005","volume":"144","author":"DF Stramaccia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stramaccia, D. F., Penolazzi, B., Alto\u00e8, G. & Galfano, G. TDCS over the right inferior frontal gyrus disrupts control of interference in memory: a retrieval-induced forgetting study. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 144, 114\u2013130 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"74029_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.10.006","volume":"13","author":"TA Iseger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iseger, T. A., van Bueren, N. E. R., Kenemans, J. L., Gevirtz, R. & Arns, M. A frontal-vagal network theory for major depressive disorder: implications for optimizing neuromodulation techniques. Brain Stimulat. 13, 1\u20139 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"74029_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-009-9101-z","volume":"37","author":"JF Thayer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thayer, J. F., Hansen, A. L., Saus-Rose, E. & Johnsen, B. H. Heart rate variability, prefrontal neural function, and cognitive performance: the Neurovisceral Integration Perspective on Self-regulation, adaptation, and Health. Ann. Behav. Med. 37, 141\u2013153 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"74029_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2008.04.007","volume":"72","author":"JF Thayer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thayer, J. F. et al. Age-related differences in prefrontal control of heart rate in humans: a pharmacological blockade study. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 72, 81\u201388 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"74029_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.05.001","volume":"74","author":"E Makovac","year":"2017","unstructured":"Makovac, E., Thayer, J. F. & Ottaviani, C. A meta-analysis of non-invasive brain stimulation and autonomic functioning: implications for brain-heart pathways to cardiovascular disease. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 74, 330\u2013341 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"74029_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25062","volume":"100","author":"M Schmau\u00dfer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schmau\u00dfer, M., Hoffmann, S., Raab, M. & Laborde, S. The effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on heart rate and heart rate variability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Neurosci. Res. 100, 1664\u20131694 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"74029_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00710","volume":"13","author":"G Forte","year":"2019","unstructured":"Forte, G., Favieri, F. & Casagrande, M. Heart rate variability and cognitive function: a systematic review. Front. Neurosci. 13, 710 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"74029_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02082.x","volume":"19","author":"LN Jefferies","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jefferies, L. N., Smilek, D., Eich, E. & Enns, J. T. Emotional valence and arousal interact in attentional control. Psychol. Sci. 19, 290\u2013295 (2008).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"74029_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000533577","volume":"69","author":"M Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo, M. et al. Daily affect and daily prospective memory in people after stroke and their partners: the moderating role of resting heart rate. Gerontology. 69, 1\u20131 (2023).","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"74029_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.07.008","volume":"155","author":"V Magnon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Magnon, V. et al. Does heart rate variability predict better executive functioning? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cortex. 155, 218\u2013236 (2022).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"74029_CR75","first-page":"569","volume":"21","author":"F Pupillo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pupillo, F., Phillips, L. & Schnitzspahn, K. The detrimental effects of mood on prospective memory are modulated by age. Emot. Wash. DC. 21, 569\u2013583 (2021).","journal-title":"Emot. Wash. DC"},{"key":"74029_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, H., Dresler, T., Haeussinger, F. B., Fallgatter, A. J. & Ehlis, A. C. Replication of the correlation between natural mood states and working memory-related prefrontal activity measured by near-infrared spectroscopy in a German sample. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8, (2014).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00037"},{"key":"74029_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.04.001","volume":"30","author":"CE Wright","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wright, C. E., Kunz-Ebrecht, S. R., Iliffe, S., Foese, O. & Steptoe, A. Physiological correlates of cognitive functioning in an elderly population. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 30, 826\u2013838 (2005).","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"74029_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035766","volume":"29","author":"M Riediger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Riediger, M. et al. Outside of the laboratory: associations of working-memory performance with psychological and physiological arousal vary with age. Psychol. Aging. 29, 103\u2013114 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"74029_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.01.034","volume":"132","author":"C Krebs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Krebs, C., Peter, J., Wyss, P., Brem, A. K. & Kl\u00f6ppel, S. Transcranial electrical stimulation improves cognitive training effects in healthy elderly adults with low cognitive performance. Clin. Neurophysiol. 132, 1254\u20131263 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"74029_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920558","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.920558","volume":"16","author":"C Lega","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lega, C., Cattaneo, L. & Costantini, G. How to test the Association between Baseline Performance Level and the Modulatory effects of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16, 920558 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"74029_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2022.05.002","volume":"7","author":"A Antal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antal, A. et al. Non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement. Clin. Neurophysiol. Pract. 7, 146\u2013165 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Pract."},{"key":"74029_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2764-2","volume":"213","author":"LM Bullard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bullard, L. M. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation\u2019s effect on novice versus experienced learning. Exp. Brain Res. 213, 9\u201314 (2011).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"74029_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/ZENODO.7148","author":"N Lally","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lally, N. N-back task code (d prime version for probing 3-back). Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/ZENODO.7148 (2013).","journal-title":"Zenodo"},{"key":"74029_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01077","volume":"29","author":"LJ Talsma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Talsma, L. J., Kroese, H. A. & Slagter, H. A. Boosting cognition: effects of multiple-session transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 29, 755\u2013768 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"74029_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.006","volume":"8","author":"M Bortoletto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bortoletto, M., Pellicciari, M. C., Rodella, C. & Miniussi, C. The Interaction with Task-induced activity is more important than polarization: a tDCS study. Brain Stimulat. 8, 269\u2013276 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"74029_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750026","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065717500265","volume":"27","author":"J Leite","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leite, J. et al. Surface EEG-Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) closed-Loop System. Int. J. Neural Syst. 27, 1750026 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neural Syst."},{"key":"74029_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02565-5","volume":"13","author":"G Soleimani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soleimani, G. et al. Closing the loop between brain and electrical stimulation: towards precision neuromodulation treatments. Transl Psychiatry. 13, 279 (2023).","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"74029_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02108","volume":"9","author":"TO Bergmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bergmann, T. O. Brain state-dependent brain stimulation. Front. Psychol. 9, 2108 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"74029_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2018.02.001","volume":"274","author":"S De Witte","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Witte, S. et al. Left prefrontal neuronavigated electrode localization in tDCS: 10\u201320 EEG system versus MRI-guided neuronavigation. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging. 274, 1\u20136 (2018).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"74029_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0054-4","volume":"21","author":"R Polan\u00eda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Polan\u00eda, R., Nitsche, M. A. & Ruff, C. C. Studying and modifying brain function with non-invasive brain stimulation. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 174\u2013187 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"74029_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.09.010","volume":"6","author":"HI Kuo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuo, H. I. et al. Comparing Cortical Plasticity Induced by Conventional and High-Definition 4 \u00d7 1 Ring tDCS: A Neurophysiological Study. Brain Stimulat. 6, 644\u2013648 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"74029_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001","volume":"15","author":"D M\u00fcller","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, D., Habel, U., Brodkin, E. S. & Weidler, C. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) for the enhancement of working memory \u2013 a systematic review and meta-analysis of healthy adults. Brain Stimulat. 15, 1475\u20131485 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"74029_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102542","volume":"56","author":"R Parlikar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parlikar, R. et al. High definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS): a systematic review on the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Asian J. Psychiatry. 56, 102542 (2021).","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"74029_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbz130","volume":"76","author":"L Huo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huo, L. et al. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on episodic memory in older adults: a Meta-analysis. J. Gerontol. Ser. B 76, 692\u2013702 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B"},{"key":"74029_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107116","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1107116","volume":"17","author":"Z Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, Z., Qiu, R., Qiu, H., Lu, H. & Zhu, X. Long-term effects of repeated multitarget high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training on response inhibition gains. Front. Neurosci. 17, 1107116 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"74029_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583730","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.583730","volume":"14","author":"H Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu, H. et al. Effect of repeated anodal HD-tDCS on executive functions: evidence from a pilot and single-blinded fNIRS study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 14, 583730 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"74029_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/12\/4506","volume":"61","author":"M Alam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alam, M., Truong, D. Q., Khadka, N. & Bikson, M. Spatial and polarity precision of concentric high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS). Phys. Med. Biol. 61, 4506\u20134521 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"74029_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.11.012","volume":"127","author":"AJ Woods","year":"2016","unstructured":"Woods, A. J. et al. A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools. Clin. Neurophysiol. 127, 1031\u20131048 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"74029_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thielscher, A., Antunes, A. & Saturnino, G. Field modeling for transcranial magnetic stimulation: A useful tool to understand the physiological effects of TMS? In Conference proceedings: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 222\u2013225, Milan, Italy.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7318340 (2015).","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7318340"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-74029-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-74029-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-74029-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T11:04:55Z","timestamp":1727953495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-74029-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["74029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-74029-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22985"}}