{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:44:17Z","timestamp":1790016257965,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002641","name":"Konkuk University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74895-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T13:02:20Z","timestamp":1728910940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neonatal exposure to high d-galactose affects germ cell development in neonatal testes organ culture"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hyuk","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Gi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Jung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"74895_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.10.029","volume":"101","author":"T Shwe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shwe, T. et al. Role of d-galactose-induced brain aging and its potential used for therapeutic interventions. Exp. Gerontol.101, 13\u201336 (2018).","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"74895_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.11.026","volume":"67","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. et al. Pseudoginsenoside-F11 attenuates cognitive impairment by ame-liorating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in D-galactose-treated mice. Int. Immunopharmacol.67, 78\u201386 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"74895_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00159-y","volume":"22","author":"M Thakur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thakur, M. et al. Galactose and its metabolites deteriorate metaphase II mouse oocyte quality and subsequent embryo development by disrupting the spindle structure. Sci. Rep.22, 231 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"74895_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8090381","volume":"8","author":"C Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, C. et al. Antioxidant effects of Apocynumvenetum tea extracts on D-galactose-induced aging model in mice. Antioxidants (Basel)8, 381 (2019).","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"74895_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2019.11.005","volume":"225","author":"L Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo, L. et al. Gallic acid attenuates thymic involution in the d-galactose induced accelerated aging mice. Immunobiology225, 151870 (2020).","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"74895_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2023.05.001","volume":"206","author":"WY Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, W. Y. et al. Effects of melatonin on a d-galactose-induced male reproductive aging mouse model. Theriogenology206, 181\u2013188 (2023).","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"74895_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5335","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17580","volume":"26","author":"SS Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, S. S. et al. d-galactose-induced cardiac ageing: A review of model establishment and potential interventions. J. Cell. Mol. Med.26, 5335\u20135359 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"74895_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-023-10038-x","volume":"24","author":"R Fang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fang, R. et al. Empagliflozin improves kidney senescence induced by d-galactose by reducing sirt1-mediated oxidative stress. Biogerontology24, 771\u2013782 (2023).","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"74895_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121471","volume":"1","author":"AAA Salama","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salama, A. A. A. et al. Naringin protects mice from d-galactose-induced lung aging and mitochondrial dysfunction: Implication of SIRT1 pathways. Life Sci.1, 121471 (2023).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"74895_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10135","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO03377E","volume":"13","author":"F Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, F. et al. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCFM8661 alleviates d-galactose-induced brain aging in mice by the regulation of the gut microbiota. Food Funct.13, 10135\u201310150 (2023).","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"74895_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50679-y","volume":"1","author":"M Jeremy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeremy, M. et al. Vitamin D3 regulates apoptosis and proliferation in the testis of d-galactose-induced aged rat model. Sci. Rep.1, 14103 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"74895_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.2014.32.3.176","volume":"32","author":"A Ahangarpour","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahangarpour, A. et al. Effects of exendin-4 on male reproductive parameters of d-galactose induced aging mouse model. World J. Mens. Health32, 176\u2013183 (2014).","journal-title":"World J. Mens. Health"},{"key":"74895_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq074","volume":"65","author":"RD Semba","year":"2010","unstructured":"Semba, R. D. et al. Does accumulation of advanced glycation end products contribute to the aging phenotype?. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.65, 963\u2013975 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"74895_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(99)00022-6","volume":"17","author":"X Song","year":"1999","unstructured":"Song, X. et al. Advanced glycation in d-galactose induced mouse aging model. Mech. Ageing Dev.17, 239\u2013251 (1999).","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"74895_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400801921320","volume":"11","author":"DT Wigle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wigle, D. T. et al. Epidemiologic evidence of relationships between reproductive and child health outcomes and environmental chemical contaminants. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev.11, 373\u2013517 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev."},{"key":"74895_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21142","volume":"108","author":"KH Al-Gubory","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Gubory, K. H. Multiple exposures to environmental pollutants and oxidative stress: Is there a sex specific risk of develop-mental complications for fetuses?. Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today108, 351\u2013364 (2016).","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today"},{"key":"74895_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2022.03.002","volume":"129","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Development of the human fetal testis: Morphology and expression of cellular differentiation markers. Differentiation129, 17\u201336 (2023).","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"74895_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.65.1.249","volume":"65","author":"P Goetz","year":"1984","unstructured":"Goetz, P. et al. Morphological and temporal sequence of meiotic prophase development at puberty in the male mouse. J. Cell Sci.65, 249\u2013263 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"74895_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0930233","volume":"93","author":"RP Vergouwen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Vergouwen, R. P. et al. Proliferative activity of gonocytes, Sertoli cells and interstitial cells during testicular development in mice. J. Reprod. Fertil.93, 233\u2013243 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"74895_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1993.tb03261.x","volume":"14","author":"KL Joyce","year":"1993","unstructured":"Joyce, K. L. et al. Neonatal goitrogen treatment increases adult testis size and sperm production in the mouse. J. Androl.14, 448\u2013455 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"74895_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089790","volume":"5","author":"H Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, H. et al. Changes in low-frequency fluctuations in patients with antisocial personality disorder revealed by resting-state functional MRI. PLoS One5, e89790 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"74895_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.084111","volume":"82","author":"BR Zirkin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zirkin, B. R. Where do adult Leydig cells come from?. Biol. Reprod.82, 1019\u20131020 (2010).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"74895_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2022.05.014","volume":"111","author":"WY Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee, W. Y. & Park, H. J. Toxicity of cerium oxide nanoparticles on neonatal testicular development in mouse organ culture. Reprod. Toxicol.111, 120\u2013128 (2022).","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"issue":"23","key":"74895_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13360","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113360","volume":"1","author":"HJ Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park, H. J. et al. Cisplatin induces apoptosis in mouse neonatal testes organ culture. Int. J. Mol. Sci.1(23), 13360 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"74895_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.04.001","volume":"6","author":"H Morimoto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morimoto, H. et al. ROS are required for mouse spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal. Cell Stem Cell6, 774\u2013786 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"74895_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2010.11.028","volume":"7","author":"JE Le Belle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Le Belle, J. E. et al. Proliferative neural stem cells have high endogenous ROS levels that regulate self-renewal and neurogenesis in a PI3K\/Akt-dependant manner. Cell Stem Cell7, 59\u201371 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"74895_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.125","volume":"27","author":"J Kim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim, J. & Wong, P. K. Loss of ATM impairs proliferation of neural stem cells through oxidative stress-mediated p38 MAPK signaling. Stem Cells27, 1987\u20131998 (2009).","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"74895_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2101","volume":"12","author":"S Chuikov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chuikov, S. et al. Prdm16 promotes stem cell maintenance in multiple tissues, partly by regulating oxidative stress. Nat. Cell Biol.12, 999\u20131006 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"74895_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2008-0134","volume":"26","author":"CT Dann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dann, C. T. et al. Spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal requires OCT4, a factor downregulated during retinoic acid-induced differentiation. Stem Cells26, 2928\u20132937 (2008).","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"74895_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(00)00283-5","volume":"93","author":"Y Toyooka","year":"2000","unstructured":"Toyooka, Y. et al. Expression and intracellular localization of mouse Vasa-homologue protein during germ cell development. Mech. Dev.93, 139\u2013149 (2000).","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"74895_CR31","first-page":"IE01","volume":"11","author":"N Asadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Asadi, N. et al. The impact of oxidative stress on testicular function and the role of antioxidants in improving it: a review. J. Clin. Diagn. Res.11, IE01\u2013IE05 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"74895_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0372-8","volume":"2","author":"SK Yadav","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yadav, S. K. et al. The thermos sensitive gene expression signatures of spermatogenesis. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol.2, 56 (2018).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"74895_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113780","volume":"176","author":"Y Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei, Y. et al. Single-cell transcriptomic dissection of the toxic impact of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on immature testicular development at the neonatal stage. Food Chem. Toxicol.176, 113780 (2023).","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"74895_CR34","first-page":"6269","volume":"17","author":"ZL Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Z. L. et al. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates testicular senescence changes in d-gal-induced aging mice via anti-inflammatory and antioxidative mechanisms. Mol. Med. Rep.17, 6269\u20136276 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"74895_CR35","first-page":"265","volume":"43","author":"Y Zhangjie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhangjie, Y. et al. Gouqizi (FructusLycii) seed oil reduces d-galactose induced inflammation in testis of rats via Janus kinase 1\/signal transducerand activator of transcription 1\/nuclear factor-\u03baB in vitro and in vivo. J. Tradit. Chin. Med.43, 265\u2013273 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"74895_CR36","first-page":"1002","volume":"36","author":"Y Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. d-galactose (d-gal) disrupts barrier function of murine TM4 sertoli cells via activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Chin. J. Cell. Mol. Immunol.36, 1002\u20131008 (2020).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"74895_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071722","volume":"15","author":"I Savchuk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Savchuk, I. et al. Mouse leydig cells with different androgen production potential are resistant to estrogenic stimuli but responsive to bisphenol a which attenuates testosterone metabolism. PLoS One15, e71722 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"74895_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-127-1-488","volume":"127","author":"MP Hardy","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hardy, M. P. et al. Differentiation of Leydig cell precursors in vitro: a role for androgen. Endocrinology127, 488\u2013490 (1990).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"74895_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod31.5.1027","volume":"31","author":"J Tapanainen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Tapanainen, J. et al. Rat testicular endogenous steroids and number of Leydig cells be-tween the fetal period and sexual maturity. Biol. Reprod.31, 1027\u20131035 (1984).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"74895_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioy059","volume":"1","author":"BR Zirkin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zirkin, B. R. & Papadopoulos, V. Leydig cells: formation, function, and regulation. Biol. Reprod.1, 101\u2013111 (2018).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"74895_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1159\/000453323","volume":"11","author":"K Miyabayashi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miyabayashi, K. et al. Alterations in fetal Leydig cell. Gene expression during fetal and adult development. Sex Dev.11, 53\u201363 (2017).","journal-title":"Sex Dev."},{"key":"74895_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2012-1256","volume":"27","author":"Y Shima","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shima, Y. et al. Contribution of Leydig and Sertoli cells to testosterone production in mouse fetal testes. Mol. Endocrinol.27, 63\u201373 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"74895_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.02.100","volume":"16","author":"C Yokoyama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yokoyama, C. et al. Three populations of adult Leydig cells in mouse testes revealed by a novel mouse HSD3B1-specific rat monoclonal antibody. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.16, 916\u2013920 (2019).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"74895_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.23314","volume":"112","author":"N Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, N. et al. d-galactose induces necroptotic cell death in neuroblastoma cell lines. J. Cell. Biochem.112, 3834\u20133844 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"74895_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111372","volume":"15","author":"KF Azman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azman, K. F. et al. d-galactose-induced liver aging model: Its underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions. Exp. Gerontol.15, 111372 (2021).","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"74895_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18501","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103819","volume":"29","author":"X Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. d-galactose induces senescence of glioblastoma cells through YAP-CDK6 pathway. Aging (Albany NY)29, 18501\u201318521 (2020).","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"74895_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13129","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713129","volume":"24","author":"B Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, B. et al. New insight into the potential protective function of sulforaphene against ROS-mediated oxidative stress damage in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci.24, 13129 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"74895_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14496","volume":"46","author":"M Ye","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ye, M. et al. Protective effects of Dendrobiumhuoshanense polysaccharide on d-gal induced PC12 cells and aging mice, in vitro and in vivo studies. J. Food Biochem.46, e14496 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"74895_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8938207","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8938207","volume":"23","author":"Y Ma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma, Y. et al. Flavonoid-rich ethanol extract from the leaves of diospyros kaki attenuates d-galactose-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation-mediated brain aging in mice. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.23, 8938207 (2018).","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"74895_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09850","volume":"24","author":"T Sato","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sato, T. et al. In vitro production of functional sperm in cultured neonatal mouse testes. Nature24, 504\u2013507 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"74895_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfz212","volume":"1","author":"HJ Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park, H. J. et al. Evaluation of resmethrin toxicity to neonatal testes in organ culture. Toxicol. Sci.1, 53\u201364 (2020).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"74895_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73","volume":"3","author":"TD Schmittgen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmittgen, T. D. & Livak, K. J. Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative C(T) method. Nat. Protoc.3, 1101\u20131108 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-74895-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-74895-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-74895-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T13:14:39Z","timestamp":1728911679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-74895-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["74895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-74895-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This animal study was conducted in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines [PLoS Bio8 (6), e1000412, 2010; ]. The experimental protocol approval from the committee and followed the principles outlined in the Konkuk University Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Register No. KU220000).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional review board statement"}}],"article-number":"24029"}}