{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:52:45Z","timestamp":1788537165869,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences\/Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute","award":["AFR-B4-10978 and 12080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AFR-B4-10978 and 12080"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to ionizing radiation induces cellular and molecular damage leading to a cascade of events resulting in tissue and organ injury. Our study strives to characterize and validate metabolomic changes in preterminal stage (immediately prior to death) samples collected from rhesus macaques lethally irradiated with one of two different doses of radiation. Peripheral blood samples were collected pre-exposure, post-exposure, and at the preterminal stage of nonhuman primates (NHPs that did not survive exposure with 7.2\u00a0Gy or 7.6\u00a0Gy total-body radiation (LD<jats:sub>60-80\/60<\/jats:sub>)). We analyzed global metabolomic alterations using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) in serum samples collected at various timepoints in relation to radiation exposure. The goal of this study was to validate the metabolic shifts present in samples collected just prior to death, which were reported earlier in a preliminary study with a limited number of samples and a single dose of radiation. Here, we demonstrate that radiation exposure induced significant time-dependent metabolic alterations compared with pre-exposure samples. We observed significant metabolite dysregulation in animals exposed to 7.6\u00a0Gy compared to 7.2\u00a0Gy. Greater metabolic disruption was observed in the preterminal groups than all of the other post-irradiation timepoints in both cohorts. Metabolomic shifts in these preterminal groups also revealed consistent disturbances in sphingolipid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways. Overall, the sphingolipid metabolism pathway appears to be representative of the preterminal phenotype, confirming the results of our preliminary study. These results offer important and novel insights for identification and validation of biomarkers for lethality, and such observations would be valuable for triage during a radiological\/nuclear mass casualty scenario.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75225-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T22:01:34Z","timestamp":1728856894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Metabolomic changes in preterminal serum samples of rhesus macaques exposed to two different lethal doses of total-body gamma-radiation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2108-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alana D.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3251-8747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keirstyn M.","family":"Empfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2645-7570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Petrus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7942-2497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluseyi O.","family":"Fatanmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7613-7455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen Y.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Tyburski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4877-7583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amrita K.","family":"Cheema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6631-3849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"75225_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2015.1012308","volume":"91","author":"X Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Role of ros-mediated autophagy in radiation-induced bystander effect of hepatoma cells. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 91, 452\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09553002.2015.1012308 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"75225_CR2","unstructured":"Hall, E. J. & Giaccia, A. J. Radiobiology for the radiobiologist. 7th edn, (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2012)."},{"key":"75225_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-199704000-00001","volume":"72","author":"RE Goans","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goans, R. E., Holloway, E. C., Berger, M. E. & Ricks, R. C. Early dose assessment following severe radiation accidents. Health Phys. 72, 513\u2013518 (1997).","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"75225_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14936.1","volume":"189","author":"M Port","year":"2018","unstructured":"Port, M. et al. Correlation of radiation dose estimates by dic with the metrepol hematological classes of disease severity. Radiat. Res. 189, 449\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/RR14936.1 (2018).","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"75225_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ac3bc2","author":"L Lebaron-Jacobs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lebaron-Jacobs, L. & Herrera-Reyes, E. The metrepol criteria-are they still relevant?. J. Radiol. Prot. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6498\/ac3bc2 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"75225_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5757","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-150243","volume":"111","author":"TM Fliedner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fliedner, T. M. et al. Radiologic and nuclear events: The metrepol severity of effect grading system. Blood 111, 5757\u20135758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2008-04-150243 (2008).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"75225_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-12-200406150-00015","volume":"140","author":"JK Waselenko","year":"2004","unstructured":"Waselenko, J. K. et al. Medical management of the acute radiation syndrome: Recommendations of the strategic national stockpile radiation working group. Ann. Intern. Med. 140, 1037\u20131051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-140-12-200406150-00015 (2004).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"75225_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-472X(02)00802-0","volume":"30","author":"N Dainiak","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dainiak, N. Hematologic consequences of exposure to ionizing radiation. Exp. Hematol. 30, 513\u2013528 (2002).","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"75225_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e3181b3fce500004032-201006000-00019[pii]","volume":"98","author":"N Dainiak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dainiak, N. Rationale and recommendations for treatment of radiation injury with cytokines. Health Phys. 98, 838\u2013842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HP.0b013e3181b3fce500004032-201006000-00019[pii] (2010).","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"75225_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.2016.1121102","volume":"16","author":"VK Singh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh, V. K., Newman, V. L., Romaine, P. L., Hauer-Jensen, M. & Pollard, H. B. Use of biomarkers for assessing radiation injury and efficacy of countermeasures. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 16, 65\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14737159.2016.1121102 (2016).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"75225_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2021.1933448","volume":"21","author":"VK Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh, V. K., Seed, T. M. & Cheema, A. K. Metabolomics-based predictive biomarkers of radiation injury and countermeasure efficacy: Current status and future perspectives. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 21, 641\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14737159.2021.1933448 (2021).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"75225_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2016.1269218","volume":"93","author":"EL Pannkuk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pannkuk, E. L., Fornace, A. J. Jr. & Laiakis, E. C. Metabolomic applications in radiation biodosimetry: Exploring radiation effects through small molecules. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 93, 1151\u20131176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09553002.2016.1269218 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"75225_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2023.2263652","volume":"20","author":"VK Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh, V. K., Srivastava, M. & Seed, T. M. Protein biomarkers for radiation injury and testing of medical countermeasure efficacy: Promises, pitfalls, and future directions. Expert Rev. Proteomics 20, 221\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14789450.2023.2263652 (2023).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteomics"},{"key":"75225_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14010018","volume":"14","author":"AD Carpenter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carpenter, A. D. et al. Metabolomic changes in plasma of preterminal stage of rhesus nonhuman primates exposed to lethal dose of radiation. Metabolites 14, 18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo14010018 (2024).","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"75225_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41540-023-00305-5","author":"K Maan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maan, K. et al. Metabolomics and transcriptomics based multi-omics integration reveals radiation-induced altered pathway networking and underlying mechanism. Syst. Biol. Appl. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41540-023-00305-5 (2023).","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"75225_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-23-00075.2","volume":"201","author":"TK Garg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garg, T. K. et al. Modulation of hematopoietic injury by a promising radioprotector, gamma-tocotrienol, in rhesus macaques exposed to partial-body radiation. Radiat. Res. 201, 55\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/RADE-23-00075.2 (2024).","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"75225_CR17","unstructured":"National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. 8th edn, (National Academies Press, 2011)."},{"key":"75225_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85669-6","volume":"11","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Transcriptome of rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) exposed to total-body irradiation. Sci. Rep. 11, 6295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-85669-6 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"75225_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91067-9","volume":"11","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Analysis of the metabolomic profile in serum of irradiated nonhuman primates treated with ex-rad, a radiation countermeasure. Sci. Rep. 11, 11449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-91067-9 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"75225_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0054622","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00546-22","volume":"66","author":"AJ Phipps","year":"2022","unstructured":"Phipps, A. J., Bergmann, J. N., Albrecht, M. T., Singh, V. K. & Homer, M. J. Model for evaluating antimicrobial therapy to prevent life-threatening bacterial infections following exposure to a medically significant radiation dose. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 66, e0054622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00546-22 (2022).","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"75225_CR21","unstructured":"American Veterinary Medical Association. Avma guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 edition, <https:\/\/www.avma.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-01\/2020-Euthanasia-Final-1-17-20.pdf> (2020)."},{"key":"75225_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-23-00091.1","volume":"201","author":"AD Carpenter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carpenter, A. D. et al. Metabolomic profiles in tissues of nonhuman primates exposed to total- or partial-body radiation. Radiat. Res. 201, 371\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/RADE-23-00091.1 (2024).","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"75225_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b04424","volume":"90","author":"C Guijas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guijas, C. et al. Metlin: A technology platform for identifying knowns and unknowns. Anal. Chem. 90, 3156\u20133164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b04424 (2018).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"75225_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/150.4.1699","volume":"150","author":"JI Weller","year":"1998","unstructured":"Weller, J. I., Song, J. Z., Heyen, D. W., Lewin, H. A. & Ron, M. A new approach to the problem of multiple comparisons in the genetic dissection of complex traits. Genetics 150, 1699\u20131706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/genetics\/150.4.1699 (1998).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"75225_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.279.1.R1","volume":"279","author":"D Curran-Everett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Curran-Everett, D. Multiple comparisons: Philosophies and illustrations. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 279, R1-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.279.1.R1 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"75225_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93401-7","volume":"11","author":"A Crook","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crook, A. et al. Radiation exposure induces cross-species temporal metabolic changes that are mitigated in mice by amifostine. Sci. Rep. 11, 14004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-93401-7 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"75225_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10050211","volume":"10","author":"AK Cheema","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheema, A. K. et al. Alterations in tissue metabolite profiles with amifostine-prophylaxed mice exposed to gamma radiation. Metabolites 10, 211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo10050211 (2020).","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"75225_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52120-w","volume":"9","author":"AK Cheema","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheema, A. K. et al. Metabolomic studies in tissues of mice treated with amifostine and exposed to gamma-radiation. Sci. Rep. 9, 15701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-52120-w (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"75225_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113427","volume":"19","author":"AK Cheema","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheema, A. K. et al. Plasma derived exosomal biomarkers of exposure to ionizing radiation in nonhuman primates. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19, 3427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19113427 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"75225_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1667\/RR15167.1","volume":"190","author":"EL Pannkuk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pannkuk, E. L., Laiakis, E. C., Garcia, M., Fornace, A. J. Jr. & Singh, V. K. Nonhuman primates with acute radiation syndrome: Results from a global serum metabolomics study after 7.2 gy total-body irradiation. Radiat. Res. 190, 576\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/RR15167.1 (2018).","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"75225_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10299-w","volume":"7","author":"EL Pannkuk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pannkuk, E. L., Laiakis, E. C., Singh, V. K. & Fornace, A. J. Lipidomic signatures of nonhuman primates with radiation-induced hematopoietic syndrome. Sci. Rep. 7, 9777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-10299-w (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"75225_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3360","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133360","volume":"20","author":"AK Cheema","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheema, A. K. et al. Metabolomic studies of tissue injury in nonhuman primates exposed to gamma-radiation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 3360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20133360 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"75225_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17807-7","volume":"12","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Pharmacokinetic and metabolomic studies with a bio 300 oral powder formulation in nonhuman primates. Sci. Rep. 12, 13475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-17807-7 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"75225_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051231","volume":"20","author":"AK Cheema","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheema, A. K. et al. Pharmacokinetic and metabolomic studies with bio 300, a nanosuspension of genistein, in a nonhuman primate model. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 1231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20051231 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"75225_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-23-00194.1","volume":"202","author":"A Carpenter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carpenter, A. et al. Pharmacokinetic and metabolomic studies with a promising radiation countermeasure, bbt-059 (pegylated interleukin-11), in rhesus nonhuman primates. Radiat. Res. 202, 26\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/RADE-23-00194.1 (2024).","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"75225_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000776","volume":"115","author":"EL Pannkuk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pannkuk, E. L., Laiakis, E. C., Fornace, A. J. Jr., Fatanmi, O. O. & Singh, V. K. A metabolomic serum signature from nonhuman primates treated with a radiation countermeasure, gamma-tocotrienol, and exposed to ionizing radiation. Health Phys. 115, 3\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HP.0000000000000776 (2018).","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"75225_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010079","volume":"19","author":"AK Cheema","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheema, A. K. et al. A metabolomic and lipidomic serum signature from nonhuman primates administered with a promising radiation countermeasure, gamma-tocotrienol. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19, 79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19010079 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"75225_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-22-00083.1","volume":"199","author":"S Schule","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schule, S. et al. Gene expression changes in a prefinal health stage of lethally irradiated male and female rhesus macaques. Radiat. Res. 199, 17\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/RADE-22-00083.1 (2023).","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"75225_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64316-w","volume":"14","author":"AD Carpenter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carpenter, A. D. et al. Proteomic analysis of plasma at the preterminal stage of rhesus nonhuman primates exposed to a lethal total-body dose of gamma-radiation. Sci. Rep. 14, 13571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-64316-w (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"75225_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212603","author":"AN Pearson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pearson, A. N., Carmicheal, J., Jiang, L., Lei, Y. L. & Green, M. D. Contribution of lipid oxidation and ferroptosis to radiotherapy efficacy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222212603 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"75225_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2011.12.012","volume":"327","author":"EI Azzam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Azzam, E. I., Jay-Gerin, J. P. & Pain, D. Ionizing radiation-induced metabolic oxidative stress and prolonged cell injury. Cancer Lett. 327, 48\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2011.12.012 (2012).","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"75225_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-021-01022-8","volume":"79","author":"JR Jacobson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jacobson, J. R. Sphingolipids as a novel therapeutic target in radiation-induced lung injury. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 79, 509\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12013-021-01022-8 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-75225-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-75225-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-75225-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T01:09:27Z","timestamp":1729127367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-75225-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["75225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-75225-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"John B. Tyburski is an employee of Nelson Scientific Labs, LLC, Potomac, MD, USA. The paper reflects the views of the scientists and not the company. Other authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All animal procedures were performed according to the <i>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals<\/i> of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council, U.S. National Academy of Sciences. This study is reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statement"}}],"article-number":"23930"}}