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The superfluity mechanism suggests the use of two distinct types of blocks. The rationale is that, unlike a conventional serially stacked layer, the superfluity concept involves concatenating multiple layers, enabling features to flow into two branches rather than a single branch. Two knee datasets have been utilized for training, validating, and testing the proposed model. We use transfer learning with two pre-trained models, AlexNet and ResNet50, comparing the results with those of the proposed model.  The results indicate that the performance of the pre-trained models, namely AlexNet and ResNet50, was inferior to that of the proposed Superfluity DL architecture. The Superfluity DL model demonstrated the highest accuracy (85.42% for dataset1 and 79.39% for dataset2) among all the pre-trained models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75549-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T15:02:40Z","timestamp":1729868560000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["A new superfluity deep learning model for detecting knee osteoporosis and osteopenia in X-ray images"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9317-6667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soaad M.","family":"Naguib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7537-2018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed K.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1008-2612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanaa M.","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8065-8977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid M.","family":"Hosny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5150-5004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Kassem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"75549_CR1","first-page":"873","volume":"104","author":"CB Johnston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnston, C. 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