{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:37:12Z","timestamp":1791398232795,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Education Science Project","award":["C2022240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2022240"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75873-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T10:02:28Z","timestamp":1728986548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The triglyceride glucose related index is an indicator of Sarcopenia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zihao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"75873_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","volume":"21","author":"LK Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, L. K. et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 21 (3), 300\u2013307e302 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"75873_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3258-72-45","volume":"72","author":"C Beaudart","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beaudart, C., Rizzoli, R., Bruy\u00e8re, O., Reginster, J. Y. & Biver, E. Sarcopenia: burden and challenges for public health. Archives Public. Health = Archives belges de sante Publique. 72 (1), 45 (2014).","journal-title":"Archives Public. Health = Archives belges de sante Publique"},{"key":"75873_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.01.006","volume":"36","author":"D Wilson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilson, D., Jackson, T., Sapey, E. & Lord, J. M. Frailty and Sarcopenia: the potential role of an aged immune system. Ageing Res. Rev. 36, 1\u201310 (2017).","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"75873_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishikawa, H., Asai, A., Fukunishi, S., Nishiguchi, S. & Higuchi, K. Metabolic syndrome and Sarcopenia. Nutrients 13(10). (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103519"},{"issue":"1","key":"75873_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01022-z","volume":"15","author":"ZJ Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, Z. J. & Zhu, C. F. Causal relationship between insulin resistance and sarcopenia. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 15 (1), 46 (2023).","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"issue":"3","key":"75873_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.01.018","volume":"13","author":"T Kubota","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kubota, T. et al. Impaired insulin signaling in endothelial cells reduces insulin-induced glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. Cell Metabol. 13 (3), 294\u2013307 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell Metabol."},{"key":"75873_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gwin, J. A., Church, D. D., Wolfe, R. R., Ferrando, A. A. & Pasiakos, S. M. Muscle Protein Synthesis and Whole-Body Protein Turnover Responses to Ingesting Essential Amino Acids, Intact Protein, and Protein-Containing Mixed Meals with Considerations for Energy Deficit. Nutrients 12(8), (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082457"},{"issue":"6","key":"75873_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-4607fje","volume":"20","author":"BB Rasmussen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rasmussen, B. B. et al. Insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism in aging. FASEB Journal: Official Publication Federation Am. Soc. Experimental Biology. 20 (6), 768\u2013769 (2006).","journal-title":"FASEB Journal: Official Publication Federation Am. Soc. Experimental Biology"},{"issue":"8","key":"75873_CR9","first-page":"1764","volume":"7","author":"VV Venkatasamy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Venkatasamy, V. V., Pericherla, S., Manthuruthil, S., Mishra, S. & Hanno, R. Effect of physical activity on insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetes Mellitus. J. Clin. Diagn. Research: JCDR. 7 (8), 1764\u20131766 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Research: JCDR"},{"key":"75873_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onyango, A. N. Cellular Stresses and Stress Responses in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2018:4321714. (2018).","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4321714"},{"issue":"1","key":"75873_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01890-9","volume":"22","author":"M Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, M. et al. Independent and joint associations between the triglyceride-glucose index and NT-proBNP with the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes and acute coronary syndrome: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 22 (1), 149 (2023).","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"75873_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda, A. et al. Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez JG: Diagnostic Accuracy of the Triglyceride and Glucose Index for Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review. International journal of endocrinology 2020:4678526. (2020).","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4678526"},{"issue":"3","key":"75873_CR13","first-page":"E214","volume":"237","author":"RA DeFronzo","year":"1979","unstructured":"DeFronzo, R. A., Tobin, J. D. & Andres, R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am. J. Physiol. 237 (3), E214\u2013223 (1979).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"75873_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, B. et al. Triglyceride-glucose index as a potential Indicator of Sarcopenic obesity in older people. Nutrients 15(3). (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030555"},{"issue":"1","key":"75873_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002013","volume":"45","author":"KB Kashani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kashani, K. B. et al. Evaluating muscle Mass by using markers of kidney function: development of the Sarcopenia Index. Crit. Care Med. 45 (1), e23\u2013e29 (2017).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"75873_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247617","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247617","volume":"16","author":"X Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, X. et al. Sarcopenia prevalence and associated factors among older Chinese population: findings from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. PLoS One. 16 (3), e0247617 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"75873_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0149731","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149731","volume":"11","author":"LK Er","year":"2016","unstructured":"Er, L. K. et al. Triglyceride glucose-body Mass Index is a simple and clinically useful surrogate marker for insulin resistance in nondiabetic individuals. PLoS One. 11 (3), e0149731 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"75873_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H. S. et al. Triglyceride glucose-Waist circumference is Superior to the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance in identifying nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in healthy subjects. J. Clin. Med. 11(1). (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11010041"},{"issue":"1","key":"75873_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys203","volume":"43","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Hu, Y., Smith, J. P., Strauss, J. & Yang, G. Cohort profile: the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Int. J. Epidemiol. 43 (1), 61\u201368 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"75873_CR20","first-page":"551","volume":"20","author":"X Wen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wen, X., Wang, M., Jiang, C. M. & Zhang, Y. M. Anthropometric equation for estimation of appendicular skeletal muscle mass in Chinese adults. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 20 (4), 551\u2013556 (2011).","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"11","key":"75873_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51534.x","volume":"51","author":"AB Newman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Newman, A. B. et al. Sarcopenia: alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 51 (11), 1602\u20131609 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"75873_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945918770794","volume":"41","author":"M Zuo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zuo, M. et al. Physical predictors of cognitive function in individuals with hypertension: evidence from the CHARLS Basline Survey. West. J. Nurs. Res. 41 (4), 592\u2013614 (2019).","journal-title":"West. J. Nurs. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"75873_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02201-1","volume":"23","author":"J Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. The association between the triglyceride-glucose index and sarcopenia: data from the NHANES 2011\u20132018. Lipids Health Dis. 23 (1), 219 (2024).","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"75873_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widajanti, N. et al. Association between Sarcopenia and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, Myostatin, and Insulin Resistance in Elderly Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Aging Res  2022:1327332. (2022).","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1327332"},{"issue":"8","key":"75873_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e075311","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075311","volume":"13","author":"Y Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Zhong, S. & Sun, Z. Association between serum triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and sarcopenia among elderly patients with diabetes: a secondary data analysis of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. BMJ Open. 13 (8), e075311 (2023).","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"75873_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112419","volume":"190","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Liu, C. & Hu, M. Association between triglyceride-glucose index and sarcopenia in China: a nationally representative cohort study. Exp. Gerontol. 190, 112419 (2024).","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"issue":"1","key":"75873_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2015.39.1.37","volume":"39","author":"SW Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee, S. W. et al. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass and insulin resistance in an elderly Korean population: the Korean social life, health and aging project-health examination cohort. Diabetes Metabolism J. 39 (1), 37\u201345 (2015).","journal-title":"Diabetes Metabolism J."},{"issue":"1","key":"75873_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21168-5","volume":"8","author":"K Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, K. & Park, S. M. Association of muscle mass and fat mass with insulin resistance and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study. Sci. Rep. 8 (1), 2703 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"75873_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3681","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3681","volume":"39","author":"JH Park","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park, J. H. et al. Lower skeletal muscle mass is associated with diabetes and insulin resistance: a cross-sectional study. Diab.\/Metab. Res. Rev. 39 (7), e3681 (2023).","journal-title":"Diab.\/Metab. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"75873_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2022.2128373","volume":"44","author":"R Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, R. et al. The triglyceride-glucose index as a novel marker associated with Sarcopenia in non-diabetic patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Ren. Fail. 44 (1), 1615\u20131621 (2022).","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"issue":"3","key":"75873_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.029","volume":"43","author":"BG Hsu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hsu, B. G., Wang, C. H., Lai, Y. H., Kuo, C. H. & Lin, Y. L. Novel equations incorporating the Sarcopenia index based on serum creatinine and cystatin C to predict appendicular skeletal muscle mass in patients with nondialysis CKD. Clin. Nutr. 43 (3), 765\u2013772 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"8","key":"75873_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.01.033","volume":"117","author":"P Srikanthan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Srikanthan, P., Horwich, T. B. & Tseng, C. H. Relation of muscle Mass and Fat Mass to Cardiovascular Disease Mortality. Am. J. Cardiol. 117 (8), 1355\u20131360 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"14","key":"75873_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.01.022","volume":"63","author":"CJ Lavie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lavie, C. J., McAuley, P. A., Church, T. S., Milani, R. V. & Blair, S. N. Obesity and cardiovascular diseases: implications regarding fitness, fatness, and severity in the obesity paradox. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 63 (14), 1345\u20131354 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"75873_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(06)74018-3","volume":"74","author":"JN Fain","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fain, J. N. Release of interleukins and other inflammatory cytokines by human adipose tissue is enhanced in obesity and primarily due to the nonfat cells. Vitam. Horm. 74, 443\u2013477 (2006).","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"issue":"9","key":"75873_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4160","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0251","volume":"147","author":"X Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang, X., Hu, Z., Hu, J., Du, J. & Mitch, W. E. Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling. Endocrinology. 147 (9), 4160\u20134168 (2006).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"75873_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4914(03)00138-2","volume":"9","author":"DJ Glass","year":"2003","unstructured":"Glass, D. J. Molecular mechanisms modulating muscle mass. Trends Mol. Med. 9 (8), 344\u2013350 (2003).","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"75873_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.2.461S","volume":"83","author":"AS Greenberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Greenberg, A. S. & Obin, M. S. Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83 (2), 461s\u2013465s (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"6865","key":"75873_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/414799a","volume":"414","author":"AR Saltiel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Saltiel, A. R. & Kahn, C. R. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature. 414 (6865), 799\u2013806 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"75873_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-006-0031-x","volume":"6","author":"G Boden","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boden, G. Fatty acid-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and liver. Curr. Diab. Rep. 6 (3), 177\u2013181 (2006).","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"75873_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.017","volume":"148","author":"VT Samuel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Samuel, V. T. & Shulman, G. I. Mechanisms for insulin resistance: common threads and missing links. Cell. 148 (5), 852\u2013871 (2012).","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-75873-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-75873-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-75873-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T13:18:57Z","timestamp":1729257537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-75873-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["75873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-75873-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was complied with the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University (approval number: IRB00001052-13074). The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"24126"}}